Modulation of jumonji expression

ABSTRACT

Compounds, compositions and methods are provided for modulating the expression of jumonji. The compositions comprise oligonucleotides, targeted to nucleic acid encoding jumonji. Methods of using these compounds for modulation of jumonji expression and for diagnosis and treatment of disease associated with expression of jumonji are provided.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0001] The present invention provides compositions and methods for modulating the expression of jumonji. In particular, this invention relates to compounds, particularly oligonucleotide compounds, which, in preferred embodiments, hybridize with nucleic acid molecules encoding jumonji. Such compounds are shown herein to modulate the expression of jumonji.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common human birth defect, and more children die from CHD than are diagnosed with cancer each year (Srivastava, Circ. Res., 2000, 86, 917-918). In a systematic “knock in” approach toward identifying genes important in mouse development, a large-scale screen was performed in embryonic stem cells and led to the isolation of a gene activated during critical periods of cardiogenesis. Cardiac defects with similarity to the types of CHD occurring in humans were observed upon disruption of the murine jumonji (jmj) gene and subsequent generation of homozygous jmj−/− mice. All jmj−/− animals showed heart malformations including ventricular septal defects (VSDs), the most common cardiac defect in humans with CHD, and most also had an abnormality of alignment of the outflow tract known as double-outlet right ventricle (DORV). DORV likely results from abnormalities affecting one of two processes in cardiogenesis: cardiac looping (a critical event in the development of a 4-chambered heart necessary for proper alignment of atrioventricular and ventriculoarterial connections) and cardiac neural crest development. Mouse jmj−/−mutants died soon after birth, apparently as a result of respiratory insufficiency caused by rib and sternum defects in addition to the heart defects. Thus, murine jumonji is a gene critical for cardiogenesis and normal heart function, and is expected to provide valuable insights into the molecular defects that lead to congenital heart disease (Lee et al., Circ. Res., 2000, 86, 932-938).

[0003] The murine jumonji gene had been identified previously by a similar insertional mutagenesis and gene trapping methodology, in a search for genes required for brain morphogenesis. The jumonji mutation resulted in embryonic lethality, and displayed defects in neurulation, such as abnormal groove formation on the neural plate and a defect in neural tube closure (Takeuchi et al., Genes Dev., 1995, 9, 1211-1222).

[0004] A clone representing the human jumonji gene (also known as JMJ) was isolated from a human embryonic cDNA library and a full-length coding sequence was subsequently determined, indicating the presence of an approximately 3.6-kilobase open reading frame in the human jumonji mRNA. The predicted protein encoded by the human jumonji gene shares a very high level of amino acid sequence conservation with the mouse jumonji protein, suggesting the proteins have a similar function in mice and humans. By in situ hybridization, the jumonji gene was mapped to human chromosomal locus 6p24-p23, a region linked to non-syndromic orofacial clefting and other morphological aberrations such as atrial defectsa and spina bifida, as well as paralysis of the laryngeal adductor (Berge-Lefranc et al., Hum. Mol. Genet., 1996, 5, 1637-1641).

[0005] In humans, the function of the jumonji gene product does not appear to be restricted to neural tube formation. The human jumonji gene appears to be expressed in all adult and fetal tissues tested, with highest levels in differentiated neural tissues. During human embryogenesis, jumonji mRNA is predominantly expressed in neurons and particularly in dorsal root ganglion cells. Because high levels of jumonji expression in both mouse and human embryos coincide with neuronal differentiation, selective expression of jumonji in neural crest derivatives has been suggested. However, the human jumonji gene is also expressed in neurons of the cerebral cortex of adult human, indicating that jumonji expression persisted into adulthood at least in the cerebral cortex. These expression patterns suggest a conserved function of the jumonji gene in the development of the central nervous system in both humans and mice (Berge-Lefranc et al., Hum. Mol. Genet., 1996, 5, 1637-1641).

[0006] The jumonji gene has been noted to bear significant homology to the human retinoblastoma-binding protein-2 (RBP2) and to a putative protein encoded by the human gene XE169, which escapes X-chromosome inactivation (Takeuchi et al., Genes Dev., 1995, 9, 1211-1222). Further analysis of the jumonji protein has revealed amino acid homology to a DNA-binding domain known as the AT-rich interaction domain (ARID), found in a B cell-specific transcriptional activator, the Bright protein, and thus, jumonji has been predicted to be a DNA-binding protein (Takeuchi, Dev. Growth Differ., 1997, 39, 127-134).

[0007] Most transcription factors have highly conserved DNA-binding domains, with less amino acid sequence conservation in other regions of the protein. However, one group of transcription factors that all share similarity to the mouse and human jumonji proteins, were found to also share a second, and just as highly conserved, domain close to the N-terminus, dubbed the jmjN domain, in addition to the larger and more C-terminal jmjC domain originally identified. Thus, these proteins were referred to as the jumonji family of transcription factors (Balciunas and Ronne, Trends Biochem. Sci., 2000, 25, 274-276).

[0008] The jmjC domain was subsequently identified in a larger array of proteins that includes more than 100 eukaryotic and bacterial sequences, such as human hairless (a gene mutated in individuals with alopecia universalis), RBP-2, and several putative chromatin-associated proteins (Clissold and Ponting, Trends Biochem. Sci., 2001, 26, 7-9). These proteins containing the jmjC domain can be clustered into seven groups, and only group 1 of the seven groups includes proteins with the jmjN domain identified by Balciunas, et al., (2000). JmjC domains are predicted to be metalloenzymes that adopt the cupin fold (an ancient domain found in metalloenzymes with zinc-ion-containing active sites based around a histidine cluster) and are candidates for enzymes that regulate chromatin remodeling (Clissold and Ponting, Trends Biochem. Sci., 2001, 26, 7-9).

[0009] Using an anti-JMJ antibody, murine jumonji protein was found to localize in the nucleus of COS cells transfected with a construct expressing the jumonji gene. Furthermore, jmj−/− mutants lacking expression of jumonji were also found to have perturbations in the expression of other cardiac-specific genes. Therefore, the murine jumonji protein may interact with developmentally regulated transcription factors in a tissue- and developmental stage-specific manner (Lee et al., Circ. Res., 2000, 86, 932-938). Anti-JMJ antibodies were also used to demonstrate nuclear localization of the jumonji protein in megakaryocytes from fetal liver which show strong expression of the jumonji gene. Furthermore, overexpression of the jumonji protein in COS-7 African green monkey kidney cells and NIH3T3 mouse embryonic fibroblasts significantly reduced cell proliferation compared with control cells. Thus, jumonji appears to negatively regulate cell proliferation signaling and is proposed to function at an early stage of cell growth signaling cascades (Toyoda et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2000, 274, 332-336).

[0010] Jumonji was also found expressed in neural epithelium of the head neural plate and in myocytes in the bulbus cordis and trabeculae of the ventricles of mouse embryos with the C3H/He genetic background. Myocytes in the ventricular trabeculae of homozygous jmj−/− mutant embryo hearts display hyperplasia with cells filling the ventricles. Thus, jumonji plays essential roles in neurulation, cardiac morphogenesis, and proliferation of trabecular myocytes in a C3H/He background, and these roles may be influenced by interactions with other genes, depending on genetic background (Takeuchi et al., Mech. Dev., 1999, 86, 29-38).

[0011] Abnormalities in liver, thymus, and spleen of jumonji mutant mice have also been observed. A decrease in the total number of liver cells, excessive cell death, and an increase in the population of megakaryocytes were observed in the livers of homozygous jumonji-null embryos, and in the thymus and spleen, the number of hematopoietic cells was reduced (Motoyama et al., Mech. Dev., 1997, 66, 27-37). In the peripheral blood of jmj−/− mutant embryos, the number of fetal liver-derived definitive erythrocytes, but not yolk sac-derived primitive erythrocytes, were markedly reduced, suggesting that these mutants die of anemia. The reduction of definitive erythrocytes appeared to be caused by a decrease in the numbers of multiple hematopoietic progenitors, and thus, jumonji is believed to play a pivotal role in definitive hematopoiesis during mouse embryogenesis (Kitajima et al., Blood, 1999, 93, 87-95). The development of megakaryocytes was further examined in jumonji mutant mice, and it was observed that the number of megakaryocyte progenitors is increased in the fetal liver, yolk sac, and peripheral blood of jmj−/− mutant embryos. Growth arrest is also delayed in a portion of the megakaryocyte progenitors of these embryos in vitro, although megakaryocyte differentiation is unaffected in these embryos. It was concluded that jumonji is involved in the proliferation but not in the differentiation of megakaryocyte lineage cells (Kitajima et al., Exp. Hematol., 2001, 29, 507-514).

[0012] The pharmacological modulation of jumonji activity and/or expression is therefore believed to be an appropriate point of therapeutic intervention in pathological conditions such as disorders arising from aberrant regulation and expression of genes involved in tissue- and developmental stage-specific events such as organogenesis and morphogenesis of the heart, nervous system, liver, thymus and spleen, as well as in hematopoiesis.

[0013] Currently, there are no known therapeutic agents which effectively inhibit the synthesis of jumonji. Consequently, there remains a long felt need for agents capable of effectively inhibiting jumonji function.

[0014] Antisense technology is emerging as an effective means for reducing the expression of specific gene products and may therefore prove to be uniquely useful in a number of therapeutic, diagnostic, and research applications for the modulation of jumonji expression.

[0015] The present invention provides compositions and methods for modulating jumonji expression.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0016] The present invention is directed to compounds, especially nucleic acid and nucleic acid-like oligomers, which are targeted to a nucleic acid encoding jumonji, and which modulate the expression of jumonji. Pharmaceutical and other compositions comprising the compounds of the invention are also provided. Further provided are methods of screening for modulators of jumonji and methods of modulating the expression of jumonji in cells, tissues or animals comprising contacting said cells, tissues or animals with one or more of the compounds or compositions of the invention. Methods of treating an animal, particularly a human, suspected of having or being prone to a disease or condition associated with expression of jumonji are also set forth herein. Such methods comprise administering a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of one or more of the compounds or compositions of the invention to the person in need of treatment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0017] A. Overview of the Invention

[0018] The present invention employs compounds, preferably oligonucleotides and similar species for use in modulating the function or effect of nucleic acid molecules encoding jumonji. This is accomplished by providing oligonucleotides which specifically hybridize with one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding jumonji. As used herein, the terms “target nucleic acid” and “nucleic acid molecule encoding jumonji” have been used for convenience to encompass DNA encoding jumonji, RNA (including pre-mRNA and mRNA or portions thereof) transcribed from such DNA, and also cDNA derived from such RNA. The hybridization of a compound of this invention with its target nucleic acid is generally referred to as “antisense”. Consequently, the preferred mechanism believed to be included in the practice of some preferred embodiments of the invention is referred to herein as “antisense inhibition.” Such antisense inhibition is typically based upon hydrogen bonding-based hybridization of oligonucleotide strands or segments such that at least one strand or segment is cleaved, degraded, or otherwise rendered inoperable. In this regard, it is presently preferred to target specific nucleic acid molecules and their functions for such antisense inhibition.

[0019] The functions of DNA to be interfered with can include replication and transcription. Replication and transcription, for example, can be from an endogenous cellular template, a vector, a plasmid construct or otherwise. The functions of RNA to be interfered with can include functions such as translocation of the RNA to a site of protein translation, translocation of the RNA to sites within the cell which are distant from the site of RNA synthesis, translation of protein from the RNA, splicing of the RNA to yield one or more RNA species, and catalytic activity or complex formation involving the RNA which may be engaged in or facilitated by the RNA. One preferred result of such interference with target nucleic acid function is modulation of the expression of jumonji. In the context of the present invention, “modulation” and “modulation of expression” mean either an increase (stimulation) or a decrease (inhibition) in the amount or levels of a nucleic acid molecule encoding the gene, e.g., DNA or RNA. Inhibition is often the preferred form of modulation of expression and mRNA is often a preferred target nucleic acid.

[0020] In the context of this invention, “hybridization” means the pairing of complementary strands of oligomeric compounds. In the present invention, the preferred mechanism of pairing involves hydrogen bonding, which may be Watson-Crick, Hoogsteen or reversed Hoogsteen hydrogen bonding, between complementary nucleoside or nucleotide bases (nucleobases) of the strands of oligomeric compounds. For example, adenine and thymine are complementary nucleobases which pair through the formation of hydrogen bonds. Hybridization can occur under varying circumstances.

[0021] An antisense compound is specifically hybridizable when binding of the compound to the target nucleic acid interferes with the normal function of the target nucleic acid to cause a loss of activity, and there is a sufficient degree of complementarity to avoid non-specific binding of the antisense compound to non-target nucleic acid sequences under conditions in which specific binding is desired, i.e., under physiological conditions in the case of in vivo assays or therapeutic treatment, and under conditions in which assays are performed in the case of in vitro assays.

[0022] In the present invention the phrase “stringent hybridization conditions” or “stringent conditions” refers to conditions under which a compound of the invention will hybridize to its target sequence, but to a minimal number of other sequences. Stringent conditions are sequence-dependent and will be different in different circumstances and in the context of this invention, “stringent conditions” under which oligomeric compounds hybridize to a target sequence are determined by the nature and composition of the oligomeric compounds and the assays in which they are being investigated.

[0023] “Complementary,” as used herein, refers to the capacity for precise pairing between two nucleobases of an oligomeric compound. For example, if a nucleobase at a certain position of an oligonucleotide (an oligomeric compound), is capable of hydrogen bonding with a nucleobase at a certain position of a target nucleic acid, said target nucleic acid being a DNA, RNA, or oligonucleotide molecule, then the position of hydrogen bonding between the oligonucleotide and the target nucleic acid is considered to be a complementary position. The oligonucleotide and the further DNA, RNA, or oligonucleotide molecule are complementary to each other when a sufficient number of complementary positions in each molecule are occupied by nucleobases which can hydrogen bond with each other. Thus, “specifically hybridizable” and “complementary” are terms which are used to indicate a sufficient degree of precise pairing or complementarity over a sufficient number of nucleobases such that stable and specific binding occurs between the oligonucleotide and a target nucleic acid.

[0024] It is understood in the art that the sequence of an antisense compound need not be 100% complementary to that of its target nucleic acid to be specifically hybridizable. Moreover, an oligonucleotide may hybridize over one or more segments such that intervening or adjacent segments are not involved in the hybridization event (e.g., a loop structure or hairpin structure). It is preferred that the antisense compounds of the present invention comprise at least 70% sequence complementarity to a target region within the target nucleic acid, more preferably that they comprise 90% sequence complementarity and even more preferably comprise 95% sequence complementarity to the target region within the target nucleic acid sequence to which they are targeted. For example, an antisense compound in which 18 of 20 nucleobases of the antisense compound are complementary to a target region, and would therefore specifically hybridize, would represent 90 percent complementarity. In this example, the remaining noncomplementary nucleobases may be clustered or interspersed with complementary nucleobases and need not be contiguous to each other or to complementary nucleobases. As such, an antisense compound which is 18 nucleobases in length having 4 (four) noncomplementary nucleobases which are flanked by two regions of complete complementarity with the target nucleic acid would have 77.8% overall complementarity with the target nucleic acid and would thus fall within the scope of the present invention. Percent complementarity of an antisense compound with a region of a target nucleic acid can be determined routinely using BLAST programs (basic local alignment search tools) and PowerBLAST programs known in the art (Altschul et al., J. Mol. Biol., 1990, 215, 403-410; Zhang and Madden, Genome Res., 1997, 7, 649-656).

[0025] B. Compounds of the Invention

[0026] According to the present invention, compounds include antisense oligomeric compounds, antisense oligonucleotides, ribozymes, external guide sequence (EGS) oligonucleotides, alternate splicers, primers, probes, and other oligomeric compounds which hybridize to at least a portion of the target nucleic acid. As such, these compounds may be introduced in the form of single-stranded, double-stranded, circular or hairpin oligomeric compounds and may contain structural elements such as internal or terminal bulges or loops. Once introduced to a system, the compounds of the invention may elicit the action of one or more enzymes or structural proteins to effect modification of the target nucleic acid. One non-limiting example of such an enzyme is RNAse H, a cellular endonuclease which cleaves the RNA strand of an RNA:DNA duplex. It is known in the art that single-stranded antisense compounds which are “DNA-like” elicit RNAse H. Activation of RNase H, therefore, results in cleavage of the RNA target, thereby greatly enhancing the efficiency of oligonucleotide-mediated inhibition of gene expression. Similar roles have been postulated for other ribonucleases such as those in the RNase III and ribonuclease L family of enzymes.

[0027] While the preferred form of antisense compound is a single-stranded antisense oligonucleotide, in many species the introduction of double-stranded structures, such as double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecules, has been shown to induce potent and specific antisense-mediated reduction of the function of a gene or its associated gene products. This phenomenon occurs in both plants and animals and is believed to have an evolutionary connection to viral defense and transposon silencing.

[0028] The first evidence that dsRNA could lead to gene silencing in animals came in 1995 from work in the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans (Guo and Kempheus, Cell, 1995, 81, 611-620). Montgomery et al. have shown that the primary interference effects of dsRNA are posttranscriptional (Montgomery et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1998, 95, 15502-15507). The posttranscriptional antisense mechanism defined in Caenorhabditis elegans resulting from exposure to double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) has since been designated RNA interference (RNAi). This term has been generalized to mean antisense-mediated gene silencing involving the introduction of dsRNA leading to the sequence-specific reduction of endogenous targeted mRNA levels (Fire et al., Nature, 1998, 391, 806-811). Recently, it has been shown that it is, in fact, the single-stranded RNA oligomers of antisense polarity of the dsRNAs which are the potent inducers of RNAi (Tijsterman et al., Science, 2002, 295, 694-697).

[0029] In the context of this invention, the term “oligomeric compound” refers to a polymer or oligomer comprising a plurality of monomeric units. In the context of this invention, the term “oligonucleotide” refers to an oligomer or polymer of ribonucleic acid (RNA) or deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or mimetics, chimeras, analogs and homologs thereof. This term includes oligonucleotides composed of naturally occurring nucleobases, sugars and covalent internucleoside (backbone) linkages as well as oligonucleotides having normaturally occurring portions which function similarly. Such modified or substituted oligonucleotides are often preferred over native forms because of desirable properties such as, for example, enhanced cellular uptake, enhanced affinity for a target nucleic acid and increased stability in the presence of nucleases.

[0030] While oligonucleotides are a preferred form of the compounds of this invention, the present invention comprehends other families of compounds as well, including but not limited to oligonucleotide analogs and mimetics such as those described herein.

[0031] The compounds in accordance with this invention preferably comprise from about 8 to about 80 nucleobases (i.e. from about 8 to about 80 linked nucleosides). One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the invention embodies compounds of 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, or 80 nucleobases in length.

[0032] In one preferred embodiment, the compounds of the invention are 12 to 50 nucleobases in length. One having ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that this embodies compounds of 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, or 50 nucleobases in length.

[0033] In another preferred embodiment, the compounds of the invention are 15 to 30 nucleobases in length. One having ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that this embodies compounds of 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, or 30 nucleobases in length.

[0034] Particularly preferred compounds are oligonucleotides from about 12 to about 50 nucleobases, even more preferably those comprising from about 15 to about 30 nucleobases.

[0035] Antisense compounds 8-80 nucleobases in length comprising a stretch of at least eight (8) consecutive nucleobases selected from within the illustrative antisense compounds are considered to be suitable antisense compounds as well.

[0036] Exemplary preferred antisense compounds include oligonucleotide sequences that comprise at least the 8 consecutive nucleobases from the 5′-terminus of one of the illustrative preferred antisense compounds (the remaining nucleobases being a consecutive stretch of the same oligonucleotide beginning immediately upstream of the 5′-terminus of the antisense compound which is specifically hybridizable to the target nucleic acid and continuing until the oligonucleotide contains about 8 to about 80 nucleobases). Similarly preferred antisense compounds are represented by oligonucleotide sequences that comprise at least the 8 consecutive nucleobases from the 3′-terminus of one of the illustrative preferred antisense compounds (the remaining nucleobases being a consecutive stretch of the same oligonucleotide beginning immediately downstream of the 3′-terminus of the antisense compound which is specifically hybridizable to the target nucleic acid and continuing until the oligonucleotide contains about 8 to about 80 nucleobases). One having skill in the art armed with the preferred antisense compounds illustrated herein will be able, without undue experimentation, to identify further preferred antisense compounds.

[0037] C. Targets of the Invention

[0038] “Targeting” an antisense compound to a particular nucleic acid molecule, in the context of this invention, can be a multistep process. The process usually begins with the identification of a target nucleic acid whose function is to be modulated. This target nucleic acid may be, for example, a cellular gene (or mRNA transcribed from the gene) whose expression is associated with a particular disorder or disease state, or a nucleic acid molecule from an infectious agent. In the present invention, the target nucleic acid encodes jumonji.

[0039] The targeting process usually also includes determination of at least one target region, segment, or site within the target nucleic acid for the antisense interaction to occur such that the desired effect, e.g., modulation of expression, will result. Within the context of the present invention, the term “region” is defined as a portion of the target nucleic acid having at least one identifiable structure, function, or characteristic. Within regions of target nucleic acids are segments. “Segments” are defined as smaller or sub-portions of regions within a target nucleic acid. “Sites,” as used in the present invention, are defined as positions within a target nucleic acid.

[0040] Since, as is known in the art, the translation initiation codon is typically 5′-AUG (in transcribed mRNA molecules; 5′-ATG in the corresponding DNA molecule), the translation initiation codon is also referred to as the “AUG codon,” the “start codon” or the “AUG start codon”. A minority of genes have a translation initiation codon having the RNA sequence 5′-GUG, 5′-UUG or 5′-CUG, and 5′-AUA, 5′-ACG and 5′-CUG have been shown to function in vivo. Thus, the terms “translation initiation codon” and “start codon” can encompass many codon sequences, even though the initiator amino acid in each instance is typically methionine (in eukaryotes) or formylmethionine (in prokaryotes). It is also known in the art that eukaryotic and prokaryotic genes may have two or more alternative start codons, any one of which may be preferentially utilized for translation initiation in a particular cell type or tissue, or under a particular set of conditions. In the context of the invention, “start codon” and “translation initiation codon” refer to the codon or codons that are used in vivo to initiate translation of an mRNA transcribed from a gene encoding jumonji, regardless of the sequence(s) of such codons. It is also known in the art that a translation termination codon (or “stop codon”) of a gene may have one of three sequences, i.e., 5′-UAA, 5′-UAG and 5′-UGA (the corresponding DNA sequences are 5′-TAA, 5′-TAG and 5′-TGA, respectively).

[0041] The terms “start codon region” and “translation initiation codon region” refer to a portion of such an mRNA or gene that encompasses from about 25 to about 50 contiguous nucleotides in either direction (i.e., 5′ or 3′) from a translation initiation codon. Similarly, the terms “stop codon region” and “translation termination codon region” refer to a portion of such an mRNA or gene that encompasses from about 25 to about 50 contiguous nucleotides in either direction (i.e., 5′ or 3′) from a translation termination codon. Consequently, the “start codon region” (or “translation initiation codon region”) and the “stop codon region” (or “translation termination codon region”) are all regions which may be targeted effectively with the antisense compounds of the present invention.

[0042] The open reading frame (ORF) or “coding region,” which is known in the art to refer to the region between the translation initiation codon and the translation termination codon, is also a region which may be targeted effectively. Within the context of the present invention, a preferred region is the intragenic region encompassing the translation initiation or termination codon of the open reading frame (ORF) of a gene.

[0043] Other target regions include the 5′ untranslated region (5′UTR), known in the art to refer to the portion of an mRNA in the 5′ direction from the translation initiation codon, and thus including nucleotides between the 5′ cap site and the translation initiation codon of an mRNA (or corresponding nucleotides on the gene), and the 3′ untranslated region (3′UTR), known in the art to refer to the portion of an mRNA in the 3′ direction from the translation termination codon, and thus including nucleotides between the translation termination codon and 3′ end of an mRNA (or corresponding nucleotides on the gene). The 5′ cap site of an mRNA comprises an N7-methylated guanosine residue joined to the 5′-most residue of the mRNA via a 5′-5′ triphosphate linkage. The 5′ cap region of an mRNA is considered to include the 5′ cap structure itself as well as the first 50 nucleotides adjacent to the cap site. It is also preferred to target the 5′ cap region.

[0044] Although some eukaryotic mRNA transcripts are directly translated, many contain one or more regions, known as “introns,” which are excised from a transcript before it is translated. The remaining (and therefore translated) regions are known as “exons” and are spliced together to form a continuous mRNA sequence. Targeting splice sites, i.e., intron-exon junctions or exon-intron junctions, may also be particularly useful in situations where aberrant splicing is implicated in disease, or where an overproduction of a particular splice product is implicated in disease. Aberrant fusion junctions due to rearrangements or deletions are also preferred target sites. mRNA transcripts produced via the process of splicing of two (or more) mRNAs from different gene sources are known as “fusion transcripts”. It is also known that introns can be effectively targeted using antisense compounds targeted to, for example, DNA or pre-mRNA.

[0045] It is also known in the art that alternative RNA transcripts can be produced from the same genomic region of DNA. These alternative transcripts are generally known as “variants”. More specifically, “pre-mRNA variants” are transcripts produced from the same genomic DNA that differ from other transcripts produced from the same genomic DNA in either their start or stop position and contain both intronic and exonic sequence.

[0046] Upon excision of one or more exon or intron regions, or portions thereof during splicing, pre-mRNA variants produce smaller “mRNA variants”. Consequently, mRNA variants are processed pre-mRNA variants and each unique pre-mRNA variant must always produce a unique mRNA variant as a result of splicing. These mRNA variants are also known as “alternative splice variants”. If no splicing of the pre-mRNA variant occurs then the pre-mRNA variant is identical to the mRNA variant.

[0047] It is also known in the art that variants can be produced through the use of alternative signals to start or stop transcription and that pre-mRNAs and mRNAs can possess more that one start codon or stop codon. Variants that originate from a pre-mRNA or mRNA that use alternative start codons are known as “alternative start variants” of that pre-mRNA or mRNA. Those transcripts that use an alternative stop codon are known as “alternative stop variants” of that pre-mRNA or mRNA. One specific type of alternative stop variant is the “polyA variant” in which the multiple transcripts produced result from the alternative selection of one of the “polyA stop signals” by the transcription machinery, thereby producing transcripts that terminate at unique polyA sites. Within the context of the invention, the types of variants described herein are also preferred target nucleic acids.

[0048] The locations on the target nucleic acid to which the preferred antisense compounds hybridize are hereinbelow referred to as “preferred target segments.” As used herein the term “preferred target segment” is defined as at least an 8-nucleobase portion of a target region to which an active antisense compound is targeted. While not wishing to be bound by theory, it is presently believed that these target segments represent portions of the target nucleic acid which are accessible for hybridization.

[0049] While the specific sequences of certain preferred target segments are set forth herein, one of skill in the art will recognize that these serve to illustrate and describe particular embodiments within the scope of the present invention. Additional preferred target segments may be identified by one having ordinary skill.

[0050] Target segments 8-80 nucleobases in length comprising a stretch of at least eight (8) consecutive nucleobases selected from within the illustrative preferred target segments are considered to be suitable for targeting as well.

[0051] Target segments can include DNA or RNA sequences that comprise at least the 8 consecutive nucleobases from the 5′-terminus of one of the illustrative preferred target segments (the remaining nucleobases being a consecutive stretch of the same DNA or RNA beginning immediately upstream of the 5′-terminus of the target segment and continuing until the DNA or RNA contains about 8 to about 80 nucleobases). Similarly preferred target segments are represented by DNA or RNA sequences that comprise at least the 8 consecutive nucleobases from the 3′-terminus of one of the illustrative preferred target segments (the remaining nucleobases being a consecutive stretch of the same DNA or RNA beginning immediately downstream of the 3′-terminus of the target segment and continuing until the DNA or RNA contains about 8 to about 80 nucleobases). One having skill in the art armed with the preferred target segments illustrated herein will be able, without undue experimentation, to identify further preferred target segments.

[0052] Once one or more target regions, segments or sites have been identified, antisense compounds are chosen which are sufficiently complementary to the target, i.e., hybridize sufficiently well and with sufficient specificity, to give the desired effect.

[0053] D. Screening and Target Validation

[0054] In a further embodiment, the “preferred target segments” identified herein may be employed in a screen for additional compounds that modulate the expression of jumonji. “Modulators” are those compounds that decrease or increase the expression of a nucleic acid molecule encoding jumonji and which comprise at least an 8-nucleobase portion which is complementary to a preferred target segment. The screening method comprises the steps of contacting a preferred target segment of a nucleic acid molecule encoding jumonji with one or more candidate modulators, and selecting for one or more candidate modulators which decrease or increase the expression of a nucleic acid molecule encoding jumonji. Once it is shown that the candidate modulator or modulators are capable of modulating (e.g. either decreasing or increasing) the expression of a nucleic acid molecule encoding jumonji, the modulator may then be employed in further investigative studies of the function of jumonji, or for use as a research, diagnostic, or therapeutic agent in accordance with the present invention.

[0055] The preferred target segments of the present invention may be also be combined with their respective complementary antisense compounds of the present invention to form stabilized double-stranded (duplexed) oligonucleotides.

[0056] Such double stranded oligonucleotide moieties have been shown in the art to modulate target expression and regulate translation as well as RNA processsing via an antisense mechanism. Moreover, the double-stranded moieties may be subject to chemical modifications (Fire et al., Nature, 1998, 391, 806-811; Timmons and Fire, Nature 1998, 395, 854; Timmons et al., Gene, 2001, 263, 103-112; Tabara et al., Science, 1998, 282, 430-431; Montgomery et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1998, 95, 15502-15507; Tuschl et al., Genes Dev., 1999, 13, 3191-3197; Elbashir et al., Nature, 2001, 411, 494-498; Elbashir et al., Genes Dev. 2001, 15, 188-200). For example, such double-stranded moieties have been shown to inhibit the target by the classical hybridization of antisense strand of the duplex to the target, thereby triggering enzymatic degradation of the target (Tijsterman et al., Science, 2002, 295, 694-697).

[0057] The compounds of the present invention can also be applied in the areas of drug discovery and target validation. The present invention comprehends the use of the compounds and preferred target segments identified herein in drug discovery efforts to elucidate relationships that exist between jumonji and a disease state, phenotype, or condition. These methods include detecting or modulating jumonji comprising contacting a sample, tissue, cell, or organism with the compounds of the present invention, measuring the nucleic acid or protein level of jumonji and/or a related phenotypic or chemical endpoint at some time after treatment, and optionally comparing the measured value to a non-treated sample or sample treated with a further compound of the invention. These methods can also be performed in parallel or in combination with other experiments to determine the function of unknown genes for the process of target validation or to determine the validity of a particular gene product as a target for treatment or prevention of a particular disease, condition, or phenotype.

[0058] E. Kits, Research Reagents, Diagnostics, and Therapeutics

[0059] The compounds of the present invention can be utilized for diagnostics, therapeutics, prophylaxis and as research reagents and kits. Furthermore, antisense oligonucleotides, which are able to inhibit gene expression with exquisite specificity, are often used by those of ordinary skill to elucidate the function of particular genes or to distinguish between functions of various members of a biological pathway.

[0060] For use in kits and diagnostics, the compounds of the present invention, either alone or in combination with other compounds or therapeutics, can be used as tools in differential and/or combinatorial analyses to elucidate expression patterns of a portion or the entire complement of genes expressed within cells and tissues.

[0061] As one nonlimiting example, expression patterns within cells or tissues treated with one or more antisense compounds are compared to control cells or tissues not treated with antisense compounds and the patterns produced are analyzed for differential levels of gene expression as they pertain, for example, to disease association, signaling pathway, cellular localization, expression level, size, structure or function of the genes examined. These analyses can be performed on stimulated or unstimulated cells and in the presence or absence of other compounds which affect expression patterns.

[0062] Examples of methods of gene expression analysis known in the art include DNA arrays or microarrays (Brazma and Vilo, FEBS Lett., 2000, 480, 17-24; Celis, et al., FEBS Lett., 2000, 480, 2-16), SAGE (serial analysis of gene expression)(Madden, et al., Drug Discov. Today, 2000, 5, 415-425), READS (restriction enzyme amplification of digested cDNAs) (Prashar and Weissman, Methods Enzymol., 1999, 303, 258-72), TOGA (total gene expression analysis) (Sutcliffe, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. A., 2000, 97, 1976-81), protein arrays and proteomics (Celis, et al., FEBS Lett., 2000, 480, 2-16; Jungblut, et al., Electrophoresis, 1999, 20, 2100-0.10), expressed sequence tag (EST) sequencing (Celis, et al., FEBS Lett., 2000, 480, 2-16; Larsson, et al., J. Biotechnol., 2000, 80, 143-57), subtractive RNA fingerprinting (SuRF) (Fuchs, et al., Anal. Biochem., 2000, 286, 91-98; Larson, et al., Cytometry, 2000, 41, 203-208), subtractive cloning, differential display (DD) (Jurecic and Belmont, Curr. Opin. Microbiol., 2000, 3, 316-21), comparative genomic hybridization (Carulli, et al., J. Cell Biochem. Suppl., 1998, 31, 286-96), FISH (fluorescent in situ hybridization) techniques (Going and Gusterson, Eur. J. Cancer, 1999, 35, 1895-904) and mass spectrometry methods (To, Comb. Chem. High Throughput Screen, 2000, 3, 235-41).

[0063] The compounds of the invention are useful for research and diagnostics, because these compounds hybridize to nucleic acids encoding jumonji. For example, oligonucleotides that are shown to hybridize with such efficiency and under such conditions as disclosed herein as to be effective jumonji inhibitors will also be effective primers or probes under conditions favoring gene amplification or detection, respectively. These primers and probes are useful in methods requiring the specific-detection of nucleic acid molecules encoding jumonji and in the amplification of said nucleic acid molecules for detection or for use in further studies of jumonji. Hybridization of the antisense oligonucleotides, particularly the primers and probes, of the invention with a nucleic acid encoding jumonji can be detected by means known in the art. Such means may include conjugation of an enzyme to the oligonucleotide, radiolabelling of the oligonucleotide or any other suitable detection means. Kits using such detection means for detecting the level of jumonji in a sample may also be prepared.

[0064] The specificity and sensitivity of antisense is also harnessed by those of skill in the art for therapeutic uses. Antisense compounds have been employed as therapeutic moieties in the treatment of disease states in animals, including humans. Antisense oligonucleotide drugs, including ribozymes, have been safely and effectively administered to humans and numerous clinical trials are presently underway. It is thus established that antisense compounds can be useful therapeutic modalities that can be configured to be useful in treatment regimes for the treatment of cells, tissues and animals, especially humans.

[0065] For therapeutics, an animal, preferably a human, suspected of having a disease or disorder which can be treated by modulating the expression of jumonji is treated by administering antisense compounds in accordance with this invention. For example, in one non-limiting embodiment, the methods comprise the step of administering to the animal in need of treatment, a therapeutically effective amount of a jumonji inhibitor. The jumonji inhibitors of the present invention effectively inhibit the activity of the jumonji protein or inhibit the expression of the jumonji protein. In one embodiment, the activity or expression of jumonji in an animal is inhibited by about 10%. Preferably, the activity or expression of jumonji in an animal is inhibited by about 30%. More preferably, the activity or expression of jumonji in an animal is inhibited by 50% or more.

[0066] For example, the reduction of the expression of jumonji may be measured in serum, adipose tissue, liver or any other body fluid, tissue or organ of the animal. Preferably, the cells contained within said fluids, tissues or organs being analyzed contain a nucleic acid molecule encoding jumonji protein and/or the jumonji protein itself.

[0067] The compounds of the invention can be utilized in pharmaceutical compositions by adding an effective amount of a compound to a suitable pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier. Use of the compounds and methods of the invention may also be useful prophylactically.

[0068] F. Modifications

[0069] As is known in the art, a nucleoside is a base-sugar combination. The base portion of the nucleoside is normally a heterocyclic base. The two most common classes of such heterocyclic bases are the purines and the pyrimidines. Nucleotides are nucleosides that further include a phosphate group covalently linked to the sugar portion of the nucleoside. For those nucleosides that include a pentofuranosyl sugar, the phosphate group can be linked to either the 2′, 3′ or 5′ hydroxyl moiety of the sugar. In forming oligonucleotides, the phosphate groups covalently link adjacent nucleosides to one another to form a linear polymeric compound. In turn, the respective ends of this linear polymeric compound can be further joined to form a circular compound, however, linear compounds are generally preferred. In addition, linear compounds may have internal nucleobase complementarity and may therefore fold in a manner as to produce a fully or partially double-stranded compound. Within oligonucleotides, the phosphate groups are commonly referred to as forming the internucleoside backbone of the oligonucleotide. The normal linkage or backbone of RNA and DNA is a 3′ to 5′ phosphodiester linkage.

[0070] Modified Internucleoside Linkages (Backbones)

[0071] Specific examples of preferred antisense compounds useful in this invention include oligonucleotides containing modified backbones or non-natural internucleoside linkages. As defined in this specification, oligonucleotides having modified backbones include those that retain a phosphorus atom in the backbone and those that do not have a phosphorus atom in the backbone. For the purposes of this specification, and as sometimes referenced in the art, modified oligonucleotides that do not have a phosphorus atom in their internucleoside backbone can also be considered to be oligonucleosides.

[0072] Preferred modified oligonucleotide backbones containing a phosphorus atom therein include, for example, phosphorothioates, chiral phosphorothioates, phosphorodithioates, phosphotriesters, aminoalkylphosphotriesters, methyl and other alkyl phosphonates including 3′-alkylene phosphonates, 5′-alkylene phosphonates and chiral phosphonates, phosphinates, phosphoramidates including 3′-amino phosphoramidate and aminoalkylphosphoramidates, thionophosphoramidates, thionoalkylphosphonates, thionoalkylphosphotriesters, selenophosphates and boranophosphates having normal 3′-5′ linkages, 2′-5′ linked analogs of these, and those having inverted polarity wherein one or more internucleotide linkages is a 3′ to 3′, 5′ to 5′ or 2′ to 2′ linkage. Preferred oligonucleotides having inverted polarity comprise a single 3′ to 3′ linkage at the 3′-most internucleotide linkage i.e. a single inverted nucleoside residue which may be abasic (the nucleobase is missing or has a hydroxyl group in place thereof). Various salts, mixed salts and free acid forms are also included.

[0073] Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of the above phosphorus-containing linkages include, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,687,808; 4,469,863; 4,476,301; 5,023,243; 5,177,196; 5,188,897; 5,264,423; 5,276,019; 5,278,302; 5,286,717; 5,321,131; 5,399,676; 5,405,939; 5,453,496; 5,455,233; 5,466,677; 5,476,925; 5,519,126; 5,536,821; 5,541,306; 5,550,111; 5,563,253; 5,571,799; 5,587,361; 5,194,599; 5,565,555; 5,527,899; 5,721,218; 5,672,697 and 5,625,050, certain of which are commonly owned with this application, and each of which is herein incorporated by reference.

[0074] Preferred modified oligonucleotide backbones that do not include a phosphorus atom therein have backbones that are formed by short chain alkyl or cycloalkyl internucleoside linkages, mixed heteroatom and alkyl or cycloalkyl internucleoside linkages, or one or more short chain heteroatomic or heterocyclic internucleoside linkages. These include those having morpholino linkages (formed in part from the sugar portion of a nucleoside); siloxane backbones; sulfide, sulfoxide and sulfone backbones; formacetyl and thioformacetyl backbones; methylene formacetyl and thioformacetyl backbones; riboacetyl backbones; alkene containing backbones; sulfamate backbones; methyleneimino and methylenehydrazino backbones; sulfonate and sulfonamide backbones; amide backbones; and others having mixed N, O, S and CH₂ component parts.

[0075] Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of the above oligonucleosides include, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,034,506; 5,166,315; 5,185,444; 5,214,134; 5,216,141; 5,235,033; 5,264,562; 5,264,564; 5,405,938; 5,434,257; 5,466,677; 5,470,967; 5,489,677; 5,541,307; 5,561,225; 5,596,086; 5,602,240; 5,610,289; 5,602,240; 5,608,046; 5,610,289; 5,618,704; 5,623,070; 5,663,312; 5,633,360; 5,677,437; 5,792,608; 5,646,269 and 5,677,439, certain of which are commonly owned with this application, and each of which is herein incorporated by reference.

[0076] Modified Sugar and Internucleoside Linkages-Mimetics

[0077] In other preferred oligonucleotide mimetics, both the sugar and the internucleoside linkage (i.e. the backbone), of the nucleotide units are replaced with novel groups. The nucleobase units are maintained for hybridization with an appropriate target nucleic acid. One such compound, an oligonucleotide mimetic that has been shown to have excellent hybridization properties, is referred to as a peptide nucleic acid (PNA). In PNA compounds, the sugar-backbone of an oligonucleotide is replaced with an amide containing backbone, in particular an aminoethylglycine backbone. The nucleobases are retained and are bound directly or indirectly to aza nitrogen atoms of the amide portion of the backbone. Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of PNA compounds include, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,539,082; 5,714,331; and 5,719,262, each of which is herein incorporated by reference. Further teaching of PNA compounds can be found in Nielsen et al., Science, 1991, 254, 1497-1500.

[0078] Preferred embodiments of the invention are oligonucleotides with phosphorothioate backbones and oligonucleosides with heteroatom backbones, and in particular —CH₂—NH—O—CH₂—, —CH₂—N(CH₃)—O—CH₂— [known as a methylene (methylimino) or MMI backbone], —CH₂—O—N(CH₃)—CH₂—, —CH₂—N(CH₃)—N(CH₃)—CH₂— and —O—N(CH₃)—CH₂—CH₂— [wherein the native phosphodiester backbone is represented as —O—P—O—CH₂—] of the above referenced U.S. Pat. No. 5,489,677, and the amide backbones of the above referenced U.S. Pat. No. 5,602,240. Also preferred are oligonucleotides having morpholino backbone structures of the above-referenced U.S. Pat. No. 5,034,506.

[0079] Modified Sugars

[0080] Modified oligonucleotides may also contain one or more substituted sugar moieties. Preferred oligonucleotides comprise one of the following at the 2′ position: OH; F; O-, S-, or N-alkyl; O-, S-, or N-alkenyl; O-, S- or N-alkynyl; or O-alkyl-O-alkyl, wherein the alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl may be substituted or unsubstituted C₁ to C₁₀ alkyl or C₂ to C₁₀ alkenyl and alkynyl. Particularly preferred are O[(CH₂)_(n)O]_(m)CH₃, O(CH₂)_(n)OCH₃, O(CH₂)_(n)NH₂, O(CH₂)_(n)CH₃, O(CH₂)_(n)ONH₂, and O(CH₂)_(n)ON[(CH₂)_(n)CH₃]₂, where n and m are from 1 to about 10. Other preferred oligonucleotides comprise one of the following at the 2′ position: C₁ to C₁₀ lower alkyl, substituted lower alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkaryl, aralkyl, O-alkaryl or O-aralkyl, SH, SCH₃, OCN, Cl, Br, CN, CF₃, OCF₃, SOCH₃, SO₂CH₃, ONO₂, NO₂, N₃, NH₂, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkaryl, aminoalkylamino, polyalkylamino, substituted silyl, an RNA cleaving group, a reporter group, an intercalator, a group for improving the pharmacokinetic properties of an oligonucleotide, or a group for improving the pharmacodynamic properties of an oligonucleotide, and other substituents having similar properties. A preferred modification includes 2′-methoxyethoxy (2′-O—CH₂CH₂OCH₃, also known as 2′-O-(2-methoxyethyl) or 2′-MOE) (Martin et al., Helv. Chim. Acta, 1995, 78, 486-504) i.e., an alkoxyalkoxy group. A further preferred modification includes 2′-dimethylaminooxyethoxy, i.e., a O(CH₂)₂ON(CH₃)₂ group, also known as 2′-DMAOE, as described in examples hereinbelow, and 2′-dimethylaminoethoxyethoxy (also known in the art as 2′-O-dimethyl-amino-ethoxy-ethyl or 2′-DMAEOE), i.e., 2′-O—CH₂—O—CH₂—N(CH₃)₂, also described in examples hereinbelow.

[0081] Other preferred modifications include 2′-methoxy (2′-O—CH₃), 2′-aminopropoxy (2′-OCH₂CH₂CH₂NH₂), 2′-allyl (2′—CH₂—CH═CH₂), 2′-O-allyl (2′-O—CH₂—CH═CH₂) and 2′-fluoro (2′-F). The 2′-modification may be in the arabino (up) position or ribo (down) position. A preferred 2′-arabino modification is 2′-F. Similar modifications may also be made at other positions on the oligonucleotide, particularly the 3′ position of the sugar on the 3′ terminal nucleotide or in 2′-5′ linked oligonucleotides and the 5′ position of 5′ terminal nucleotide. Oligonucleotides may also have sugar mimetics such as cyclobutyl moieties in place of the pentofuranosyl sugar. Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of such modified sugar structures include, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,981,957; 5,118,800; 5,319,080; 5,359,044; 5,393,878; 5,446,137; 5,466,786; 5,514,785; 5,519,134; 5,567,811; 5,576,427; 5,591,722; 5,597,909; 5,610,300; 5,627,053; 5,639,873; 5,646,265; 5,658,873; 5,670,633; 5,792,747; and 5,700,920, certain of which are commonly owned with the instant application, and each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

[0082] A further preferred modification of the sugar includes Locked Nucleic Acids (LNAs) in which the 2′-hydroxyl group is linked to the 3′ or 4′ carbon atom of the sugar ring, thereby forming a bicyclic sugar moiety. The linkage is preferably a methelyne (—CH₂—)_(n) group bridging the 2′ oxygen atom and the 4′ carbon atom wherein n is 1 or 2. LNAs and preparation thereof are described in WO 98/39352 and WO 99/14226.

[0083] Natural and Modified Nucleobases

[0084] Oligonucleotides may also include nucleobase (often referred to in the art simply as “base”) modifications or substitutions. As used herein, “unmodified” or “natural” nucleobases include the purine bases adenine (A) and guanine (G), and the pyrimidine bases thymine (T), cytosine (C) and uracil (U). Modified nucleobases include other synthetic and natural nucleobases such as 5-methylcytosine (5-me-C), 5-hydroxymethyl cytosine, xanthine, hypoxanthine, 2-aminoadenine, 6-methyl and other alkyl derivatives of adenine and guanine, 2-propyl and other alkyl derivatives of adenine and guanine, 2-thiouracil, 2-thiothymine and 2-thiocytosine, 5-halouracil and cytosine, 5-propynyl (—C≡C—CH₃) uracil and cytosine and other alkynyl derivatives of pyrimidine bases, 6-azo uracil, cytosine and thymine, 5-uracil (pseudouracil), 4-thiouracil, 8-halo, 8-amino, 8-thiol, 8-thioalkyl, 8-hydroxyl and other 8-substituted adenines and guanines, 5-halo particularly 5-bromo, 5-trifluoromethyl and other 5-substituted uracils and cytosines, 7-methylguanine and 7-methyladenine, 2-F-adenine, 2-amino-adenine, 8-azaguanine and 8-azaadenine, 7-deazaguanine and 7-deazaadenine and 3-deazaguanine and 3-deazaadenine. Further modified nucleobases include tricyclic pyrimidines such as phenoxazine cytidine(1H-pyrimido[5,4-b][1,4]benzoxazin-2(3H)-one), phenothiazine cytidine (1H-pyrimido[5,4-b][1,4]benzothiazin-2(3H)-one), G-clamps such as a substituted phenoxazine cytidine (e.g. 9-(2-aminoethoxy)-H-pyrimido[5,4-b][1,4]benzoxazin-2(3H)-one), carbazole cytidine (2H-pyrimido[4,5-b]indol-2-one), pyridoindole cytidine (H-pyrido[3′,2′:4,5]pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-2-one). Modified nucleobases may also include those in which the purine or pyrimidine base is replaced with other heterocycles, for example 7-deaza-adenine, 7-deazaguanosine, 2-aminopyridine and 2-pyridone. Further nucleobases include those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,687,808, those disclosed in The Concise Encyclopedia Of Polymer Science And Engineering, pages 858-859, Kroschwitz, J. I., ed. John Wiley & Sons, 1990, those disclosed by Englisch et al., Angewandte Chemie, International Edition, 1991, 30, 613, and those disclosed by Sanghvi, Y. S., Chapter 15, Antisense Research and Applications, pages 289-302, Crooke, S. T. and Lebleu, B. ed., CRC Press, 1993. Certain of these nucleobases are particularly useful for increasing the binding affinity of the compounds of the invention. These include 5-substituted pyrimidines, 6-azapyrimidines and N-2, N-6 and O-6-substituted purines, including 2-aminopropyladenine, 5-propynyluracil and 5-propynylcytosine. 5-methylcytosine substitutions have been shown to increase nucleic acid duplex stability by 0.6-1.2° C. and are presently preferred base substitutions, even more particularly when combined with 2′-O-methoxyethyl sugar modifications.

[0085] Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of certain of the above noted modified nucleobases as well as other modified nucleobases include, but are not limited to, the above noted U.S. Pat. No. 3,687,808, as well as U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,845,205; 5,130,302; 5,134,066; 5,175,273; 5,367,066; 5,432,272; 5,457,187; 5,459,255; 5,484,908; 5,502,177; 5,525,711; 5,552,540; 5,587,469; 5,594,121, 5,596,091; 5,614,617; 5,645,985; 5,830,653; 5,763,588; 6,005,096; and 5,681,941, certain of which are commonly owned with the instant application, and each of which is herein incorporated by reference, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,750,692, which is commonly owned with the instant application and also herein incorporated by reference.

[0086] Conjugates

[0087] Another modification of the oligonucleotides of the invention involves chemically linking to the oligonucleotide one or more moieties or conjugates which enhance the activity, cellular distribution or cellular uptake of the oligonucleotide. These moieties or conjugates can include conjugate groups covalently bound to functional groups such as primary or secondary hydroxyl groups. Conjugate groups of the invention include intercalators, reporter molecules, polyamines, polyamides, polyethylene glycols, polyethers, groups that enhance the pharmacodynamic properties of oligomers, and groups that enhance the pharmacokinetic properties of oligomers. Typical conjugate groups include cholesterols, lipids, phospholipids, biotin, phenazine, folate, phenanthridine, anthraquinone, acridine, fluoresceins, rhodamines, coumarins, and dyes. Groups that enhance the pharmacodynamic properties, in the context of this invention, include groups that improve uptake, enhance resistance to degradation, and/or strengthen sequence-specific hybridization with the target nucleic acid. Groups that enhance the pharmacokinetic properties, in the context of this invention, include groups that improve uptake, distribution, metabolism or excretion of the compounds of the present invention. Representative conjugate groups are disclosed in International Patent Application PCT/US92/09196, filed Oct. 23, 1992, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,287,860, the entire disclosure of which are incorporated herein by reference. Conjugate moieties include but are not limited to lipid moieties such as a cholesterol moiety, cholic acid, a thioether, e.g., hexyl-S-tritylthiol, a thiocholesterol, an aliphatic chain, e.g., dodecandiol or undecyl residues, a phospholipid, e.g., di-hexadecyl-rac-glycerol or triethylammonium 1,2-di-O-hexadecyl-rac-glycero-3-H-phosphonate, a polyamine or a polyethylene glycol chain, or adamantane acetic acid, a palmityl moiety, or an octadecylamine or hexylamino-carbonyl-oxycholesterol moiety. Oligonucleotides of the invention may also be conjugated to active drug substances, for example, aspirin, warfarin, phenylbutazone, ibuprofen, suprofen, fenbufen, ketoprofen, (S)-(+)-pranoprofen, carprofen, dansylsarcosine, 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid, flufenamic acid, folinic acid, a benzothiadiazide, chlorothiazide, a diazepine, indomethicin, a barbiturate, a cephalosporin, a sulfa drug, an antidiabetic, an antibacterial or an antibiotic. Oligonucleotide-drug conjugates and their preparation are described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/334,130 (filed Jun. 15, 1999) which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0088] Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of such oligonucleotide conjugates include, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,828,979; 4,948,882; 5,218,105; 5,525,465; 5,541,313; 5,545,730; 5,552,538; 5,578,717, 5,580,731; 5,580,731; 5,591,584; 5,109,124; 5,118,802; 5,138,045; 5,414,077; 5,486,603; 5,512,439; 5,578,718; 5,608,046; 4,587,044; 4,605,735; 4,667,025; 4,762,779; 4,789,737; 4,824,941; 4,835,263; 4,876,335; 4,904,582; 4,958,013; 5,082,830; 5,112,963; 5,214,136; 5,082,830; 5,112,963; 5,214,136; 5,245,022; 5,254,469; 5,258,506; 5,262,536; 5,272,250; 5,292,873; 5,317,098; 5,371,241, 5,391,723; 5,416,203, 5,451,463; 5,510,475; 5,512,667; 5,514,785; 5,565,552; 5,567,810; 5,574,142; 5,585,481; 5,587,371; 5,595,726; 5,597,696; 5,599,923; 5,599,928 and 5,688,941, certain of which are commonly owned with the instant application, and each of which is herein incorporated by reference.

[0089] Chimeric Compounds

[0090] It is not necessary for all positions in a given compound to be uniformly modified, and in fact more than one of the aforementioned modifications may be incorporated in a single compound or even at a single nucleoside within an oligonucleotide.

[0091] The present invention also includes antisense compounds which are chimeric compounds. “Chimeric” antisense compounds or “chimeras,” in the context of this invention, are antisense compounds, particularly oligonucleotides, which contain two or more chemically distinct regions, each made up of at least one monomer unit, i.e., a nucleotide in the case of an oligonucleotide compound. These oligonucleotides typically contain at least one region wherein the oligonucleotide is modified so as to confer upon the oligonucleotide increased resistance to nuclease degradation, increased cellular uptake, increased stability and/or increased binding affinity for the target nucleic acid. An additional region of the oligonucleotide may serve as a substrate for enzymes capable of cleaving RNA:DNA or RNA:RNA hybrids. By way of example, RNAse H is a cellular endonuclease which cleaves the RNA strand of an RNA:DNA duplex. Activation of RNase H, therefore, results in cleavage of the RNA target, thereby greatly enhancing the efficiency of oligonucleotide-mediated inhibition of gene expression. The cleavage of RNA:RNA hybrids can, in like fashion, be accomplished through the actions of endoribonucleases, such as RNAseL which cleaves both cellular and viral RNA. Cleavage of the RNA target can be routinely detected by gel electrophoresis and, if necessary, associated nucleic acid hybridization techniques known in the art.

[0092] Chimeric antisense compounds of the invention may be formed as composite structures of two or more oligonucleotides, modified oligonucleotides, oligonucleosides and/or oligonucleotide mimetics as described above. Such compounds have also been referred to in the art as hybrids or gapmers. Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of such hybrid structures include, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,013,830; 5,149,797; 5,220,007; 5,256,775; 5,366,878; 5,403,711; 5,491,133; 5,565,350; 5,623,065; 5,652,355; 5,652,356; and 5,700,922, certain of which are commonly owned with the instant application, and each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

[0093] G. Formulations

[0094] The compounds of the invention may also be admixed, encapsulated, conjugated or otherwise associated with other molecules, molecule structures or mixtures of compounds, as for example, liposomes, receptor-targeted molecules, oral, rectal, topical or other formulations, for assisting in uptake, distribution and/or absorption. Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of such uptake, distribution and/or absorption-assisting formulations include, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,108,921; 5,354,844; 5,416,016; 5,459,127; 5,521,291; 5,543,158; 5,547,932; 5,583,020; 5,591,721; 4,426,330; 4,534,899; 5,013,556; 5,108,921; 5,213,804; 5,227,170; 5,264,221; 5,356,633; 5,395,619; 5,416,016; 5,417,978; 5,462,854; 5,469,854; 5,512,295; 5,527,528; 5,534,259; 5,543,152; 5,556,948; 5,580,575; and 5,595,756, each of which is herein incorporated by reference.

[0095] The antisense compounds of the invention encompass any pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, or salts of such esters, or any other compound which, upon administration to an animal, including a human, is capable of providing (directly or indirectly) the biologically active metabolite or residue thereof. Accordingly, for example, the disclosure is also drawn to prodrugs and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of the invention, pharmaceutically acceptable salts of such prodrugs, and other bioequivalents.

[0096] The term “prodrug” indicates a therapeutic agent that is prepared in an inactive form that is converted to an active form (i.e., drug) within the body or cells thereof by the action of endogenous enzymes or other chemicals and/or conditions. In particular, prodrug versions of the oligonucleotides of the invention are prepared as SATE [(S-acetyl-2-thioethyl) phosphate] derivatives according to the methods disclosed in WO 93/24510 to Gosselin et al., published Dec. 9, 1993 or in Wo 94/26764 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,770,713 to Imbach et al.

[0097] The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” refers to physiologically and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of the invention: i.e., salts that retain the desired biological activity of the parent compound and do not impart undesired toxicological effects thereto. For oligonucleotides, preferred examples of pharmaceutically acceptable salts and their uses are further described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,287,860, which is incorporated herein in its entirety.

[0098] The present invention also includes pharmaceutical compositions and formulations which include the antisense compounds of the invention. The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may be administered in a number of ways depending upon whether local or systemic treatment is desired and upon the area to be treated. Administration may be topical (including ophthalmic and to mucous membranes including vaginal and rectal delivery), pulmonary, e.g., by inhalation or insufflation of powders or aerosols, including by nebulizer; intratracheal, intranasal, epidermal and transdermal), oral or parenteral. Parenteral administration includes intravenous, intraarterial, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal or intramuscular injection or infusion; or intracranial, e.g., intrathecal or intraventricular, administration. Oligonucleotides with at least one 2′-O-methoxyethyl modification are believed to be particularly useful for oral administration. Pharmaceutical compositions and formulations for topical administration may include transdermal patches, ointments, lotions, creams, gels, drops, suppositories, sprays, liquids and powders. Conventional pharmaceutical carriers, aqueous, powder or oily bases, thickeners and the like may be necessary or desirable. Coated condoms, gloves and the like may also be useful.

[0099] The pharmaceutical formulations of the present invention, which may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form, may be prepared according to conventional techniques well known in the pharmaceutical industry. Such techniques include the step of bringing into association the active ingredients with the pharmaceutical carrier(s) or excipient(s). In general, the formulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association the active ingredients with liquid carriers or finely divided solid carriers or both, and then, if necessary, shaping the product.

[0100] The compositions of the present invention may be formulated into any of many possible dosage forms such as, but not limited to, tablets, capsules, gel capsules, liquid syrups, soft gels, suppositories, and enemas. The compositions of the present invention may also be formulated as suspensions in aqueous, non-aqueous or mixed media. Aqueous suspensions may further contain substances which increase the viscosity of the suspension including, for example, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, sorbitol and/or dextran. The suspension may also contain stabilizers.

[0101] Pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention include, but are not limited to, solutions, emulsions, foams and liposome-containing formulations. The pharmaceutical compositions and formulations of the present invention may comprise one or more penetration enhancers, carriers, excipients or other active or inactive ingredients.

[0102] Emulsions are typically heterogenous systems of one liquid dispersed in another in the form of droplets usually exceeding 0.1 μm in diameter. Emulsions may contain additional components in addition to the dispersed phases, and the active drug which may be present as a solution in either the aqueous phase, oily phase or itself as a separate phase. Microemulsions are included as an embodiment of the present invention. Emulsions and their uses are well known in the art and are further described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,287,860, which is incorporated herein in its entirety.

[0103] Formulations of the present invention include liposomal formulations. As used in the present invention, the term “liposome” means a vesicle composed of amphiphilic lipids arranged in a spherical bilayer or bilayers. Liposomes are unilamellar or multilamellar vesicles which have a membrane formed from a lipophilic material and an aqueous interior that contains the composition to be delivered. Cationic liposomes are positively charged liposomes which are believed to interact with negatively charged DNA molecules to form a stable complex. Liposomes that are pH-sensitive or negatively-charged are believed to entrap DNA rather than complex with it. Both cationic and noncationic liposomes have been used to deliver DNA to cells.

[0104] Liposomes also include “sterically stabilized” liposomes, a term which, as used herein, refers to liposomes comprising one or more specialized lipids that, when incorporated into liposomes, result in enhanced circulation lifetimes relative to liposomes lacking such specialized lipids. Examples of sterically stabilized liposomes are those in which part of the vesicle-forming lipid portion of the liposome comprises one or more glycolipids or is derivatized with one or more hydrophilic polymers, such as a polyethylene glycol (PEG) moiety. Liposomes and their uses are further described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,287,860, which is incorporated herein in its entirety.

[0105] The pharmaceutical formulations and compositions of the present invention may also include surfactants. The use of surfactants in drug products, formulations and in emulsions is well known in the art. Surfactants and their uses are further described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,287,860, which is incorporated herein in its entirety.

[0106] In one embodiment, the present invention employs various penetration enhancers to effect the efficient delivery of nucleic acids, particularly oligonucleotides. In addition to aiding the diffusion of non-lipophilic drugs across cell membranes, penetration enhancers also enhance the permeability of lipophilic drugs. Penetration enhancers may be classified as belonging to one of five broad categories, i.e., surfactants, fatty acids, bile salts, chelating agents, and non-chelating non-surfactants. Penetration enhancers and their uses are further described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,287,860, which is incorporated herein in its entirety.

[0107] One of skill in the art will recognize that formulations are routinely designed according to their intended use, i.e. route of administration.

[0108] Preferred formulations for topical administration include those in which the oligonucleotides of the invention are in admixture with a topical delivery agent such as lipids, liposomes, fatty acids, fatty acid esters, steroids, chelating agents and surfactants. Preferred lipids and liposomes include neutral (e.g. dioleoylphosphatidyl DOPE ethanolamine, dimyristoylphosphatidyl choline DMPC, distearolyphosphatidyl choline) negative (e.g. dimyristoylphosphatidyl glycerol DMPG) and cationic (e.g. dioleoyltetramethylaminopropyl DOTAP and dioleoylphosphatidyl ethanolamine DOTMA).

[0109] For topical or other administration, oligonucleotides of the invention may be encapsulated within liposomes or may form complexes thereto, in particular to cationic liposomes. Alternatively, oligonucleotides may be complexed to lipids, in particular to cationic lipids. Preferred fatty acids and esters, pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and their uses are further described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,287,860, which is incorporated herein in its entirety. Topical formulations are described in detail in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/315,298 filed on May 20, 1999, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0110] Compositions and formulations for oral administration include powders or granules, microparticulates, nanoparticulates, suspensions or solutions in water or non-aqueous media, capsules, gel capsules, sachets, tablets or minitablets. Thickeners, flavoring agents, diluents, emulsifiers, dispersing aids or binders may be desirable. Preferred oral formulations are those in which oligonucleotides of the invention are administered in conjunction with one or more penetration enhancers surfactants and chelators. Preferred surfactants include fatty acids and/or esters or salts thereof, bile acids and/or salts thereof. Preferred bile acids/salts and fatty acids and their uses are further described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,287,860, which is incorporated herein in its entirety. Also preferred are combinations of penetration enhancers, for example, fatty acids/salts in combination with bile acids/salts. A particularly preferred combination is the sodium salt of lauric acid, capric acid and UDCA. Further penetration enhancers include polyoxyethylene-9-lauryl ether, polyoxyethylene-20-cetyl ether. Oligonucleotides of the invention may be delivered orally, in granular form including sprayed dried particles, or complexed to form micro or nanoparticles. Oligonucleotide complexing agents and their uses are further described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,287,860, which is incorporated herein in its entirety. Oral formulations for oligonucleotides and their preparation are described in detail in U.S. application Ser. No. 09/108,673 (filed Jul. 1, 1998), Ser. No. 09/315,298 (filed May 20, 1999) and Ser. No. 10/071,822, filed Feb. 8, 2002, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

[0111] Compositions and formulations for parenteral, intrathecal or intraventricular administration may include sterile aqueous solutions which may also contain buffers, diluents and other suitable additives such as, but not limited to, penetration enhancers, carrier compounds and other pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipients.

[0112] Certain embodiments of the invention provide pharmaceutical compositions containing one or more oligomeric compounds and one or more other chemotherapeutic agents which function by a non-antisense mechanism. Examples of such chemotherapeutic agents include but are not limited to cancer chemotherapeutic drugs such as daunorubicin, daunomycin, dactinomycin, doxorubicin, epirubicin, idarubicin, esorubicin, bleomycin, mafosfamide, ifosfamide, cytosine arabinoside, bis-chloroethylnitrosurea, busulfan, mitomycin C, actinomycin D, mithramycin, prednisone, hydroxyprogesterone, testosterone, tamoxifen, dacarbazine, procarbazine, hexamethylmelamine, pentamethylmelamine, mitoxantrone, amsacrine, chlorambucil, methylcyclohexylnitrosurea, nitrogen mustards, melphalan, cyclophosphamide, 6-mercaptopurine, 6-thioguanine, cytarabine, 5-azacytidine, hydroxyurea, deoxycoformycin, 4-hydroxyperoxycyclophosphoramide, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), 5-fluorodeoxyuridine (5-FUdR), methotrexate (MTX), colchicine, taxol, vincristine, vinblastine, etoposide (VP-16), trimetrexate, irinotecan, topotecan, gemcitabine, teniposide, cisplatin and diethylstilbestrol (DES). When used with the compounds of the invention, such chemotherapeutic agents may be used individually (e.g., 5-FU and oligonucleotide), sequentially (e.g., 5-FU and oligonucleotide for a period of time followed by MTX and oligonucleotide), or in combination with one or more other such chemotherapeutic agents (e.g., 5-FU, MTX and oligonucleotide, or 5-FU, radiotherapy and oligonucleotide). Anti-inflammatory drugs, including but not limited to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and corticosteroids, and antiviral drugs, including but not limited to ribivirin, vidarabine, acyclovir and ganciclovir, may also be combined in compositions of the invention. Combinations of antisense compounds and other non-antisense drugs are also within the scope of this invention. Two or more combined compounds may be used together or sequentially.

[0113] In another related embodiment, compositions of the invention may contain one or more antisense compounds, particularly oligonucleotides, targeted to a first nucleic acid and one or more additional antisense compounds targeted to a second nucleic acid target. Alternatively, compositions of the invention may contain two or more antisense compounds targeted to different regions of the same nucleic acid target. Numerous examples of antisense compounds are known in the art. Two or more combined compounds may be used together or sequentially.

[0114] H. Dosing

[0115] The formulation of therapeutic compositions and their subsequent administration (dosing) is believed to be within the skill of those in the art. Dosing is dependent on severity and responsiveness of the disease state to be treated, with the course of treatment lasting from several days to several months, or until a cure is effected or a diminution of the disease state is achieved. Optimal dosing schedules can be calculated from measurements of drug accumulation in the body of the patient. Persons of ordinary skill can easily determine optimum dosages, dosing methodologies and repetition rates. Optimum dosages may vary depending on the relative potency of individual oligonucleotides, and can generally be estimated based on EC₅₀s found to be effective in in vitro and in vivo animal models. In general, dosage is from 0.01 ug to 100 g per kg of body weight, and may be given once or more daily, weekly, monthly or yearly, or even once every 2 to 20 years. Persons of ordinary skill in the art can easily estimate repetition rates for dosing based on measured residence times and concentrations of the drug in bodily fluids or tissues. Following successful treatment, it may be desirable to have the patient undergo maintenance therapy to prevent the recurrence of the disease state, wherein the oligonucleotide is administered in maintenance doses, ranging from 0.01 ug to 100 g per kg of body weight, once or more daily, to once every 20 years.

[0116] While the present invention has been described with specificity in accordance with certain of its preferred embodiments, the following examples serve only to illustrate the invention and are not intended to limit the same.

EXAMPLES Example 1

[0117] Synthesis of Nucleoside Phosphoramidites

[0118] The following compounds, including amidites and their intermediates were prepared as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,426,220 and published PCT WO 02/36743; 5′-O-Dimethoxytrityl-thymidine intermediate for 5-methyl dC amidite, 5′-O-Dimethoxytrityl-2′-deoxy-5-methylcytidine intermediate for 5-methyl-dC amidite, 5′-O-Dimethoxytrityl-2′-deoxy-N-4-benzoyl-5-methylcytidine penultimate intermediate for 5-methyl dC amidite, [5′-O-(4,4′-Dimethoxytriphenylmethyl)-2′-deoxy-N-4-benzoyl-5-methylcytidin-3′-O-yl]-2-cyanoethyl-N,N-diisopropylphosphoramidite (5-methyl dC amidite), 2′-Fluorodeoxyadenosine, 2′-Fluorodeoxyguanosine, 2′-Fluorouridine, 2′-Fluorodeoxycytidine, 2′-O-(2-Methoxyethyl) modified amidites, 2′-O-(2-methoxyethyl)-5-methyluridine intermediate, 5′-O-DMT-2′-O-(2-methoxyethyl)-5-methyluridine penultimate intermediate, [5′-O-(4,4′-Dimethoxytriphenylmethyl)-2′-O-(2-methoxyethyl)-5-methyluridin-3′-O-yl]-2-cyanoethyl-N,N-diisopropylphosphoramidite (MOE T amidite), 5′-O-Dimethoxytrityl-2′-O-(2-methoxyethyl)-5-methylcytidine intermediate, 5′-O-dimethoxytrityl-2′-O-(2-methoxyethyl)-N⁴-benzoyl-5-methyl-cytidine penultimate intermediate, [5′-O-(4,4′-Dimethoxytriphenylmethyl)-2′-O-(2-methoxyethyl)-N⁴-benzoyl-5-methylcytidin-3′-O-yl]-2-cyanoethyl-N,N-diisopropylphosphoramidite (MOE 5-Me-C amidite), [5′-O-(4,4′-Dimethoxytriphenylmethyl)-2′-O-(2-methoxyethyl)-N⁶-benzoyladenosin-3′-O-yl]-2-cyanoethyl-N,N-diisopropylphosphoramidite (MOE A amdite), [5′-O-(4,4′-Dimethoxytriphenylmethyl)-2′-O-(2-methoxyethyl)-N⁴-isobutyrylguanosin-3′-O-yl]-2-cyanoethyl-N,N-diisopropylphosphoramidite (MOE G amidite), 2′-O-(Aminooxyethyl) nucleoside amidites and 2′-O-(dimethylaminooxyethyl) nucleoside amidites, 2′-(Dimethylaminooxyethoxy) nucleoside amidites, 5′-O-tert-Butyldiphenylsilyl-O²-2′-anhydro-5-methyluridine, 5′-O-tert-Butyldiphenylsilyl-2′-O-(2-hydroxyethyl)-5-methyluridine, 2′-O-([2-phthalimidoxy)ethyl]-5′-t-butyldiphenylsilyl-5-methyluridine, 5′-O-tert-butyldiphenylsilyl-2′-o-[(2-formadoximinooxy)ethyl]-5-methyluridine, 5′-O-tert-Butyldiphenylsilyl-2′-O-[N,N dimethylaminooxyethyl]-5-methyluridine, 2′-O-(dimethylaminooxyethyl)-5-methyluridine, 5′-O-DMT-2′-O-(dimethylaminooxyethyl)-5-methyluridine, 5′-O-DMT-2′-O-(2-N,N-dimethylaminooxyethyl)-5-methyluridine-3′-[(2-cyanoethyl)-N,N-diisopropylphosphoramidite], 2′-(Aminooxyethoxy) nucleoside amidites, N2-isobutyryl-6-O-diphenylcarbamoyl-2′-O-(2-ethylacetyl)-5′-O-(4,4′-dimethoxytrityl)guanosine-3′-[(2-cyanoethyl)-N,N-diisopropylphosphoramidite], 2′-dimethylaminoethoxyethoxy (2′-DMAEOE) nucleoside amidites, 2′-O-[2(2-N,N-dimethylaminoethoxy)ethyl]-5-methyl uridine, 5′-O-dimethoxytrityl-2′-O-[2(2-N,N-dimethylaminoethoxy)-ethyl)]-5-methyl uridine and 5′-O-Dimethoxytrityl-2′-O-[2(2-N,N-dimethylaminoethoxy)-ethyl)]-5-methyl uridine-3′-O-(cyanoethyl-N,N-diisopropyl)phosphoramidite.

Example 2

[0119] Oligonucleotide and Oligonucleoside Synthesis

[0120] The antisense compounds used in accordance with this invention may be conveniently and routinely made through the well-known technique of solid phase synthesis. Equipment for such synthesis is sold by several vendors including, for example, Applied Biosystems (Foster City, Calif.). Any other means for such synthesis known in the art may additionally or alternatively be employed. It is well known to use similar techniques to prepare oligonucleotides such as the phosphorothioates and alkylated derivatives.

[0121] Oligonucleotides: Unsubstituted and substituted phosphodiester (P═O) oligonucleotides are synthesized on an automated DNA synthesizer (Applied Biosystems model 394) using standard phosphoramidite chemistry with oxidation by iodine.

[0122] Phosphorothioates (P═S) are synthesized similar to phosphodiester oligonucleotides with the following exceptions: thiation was effected by utilizing a 10% w/v solution of 3,H-1,2-benzodithiole-3-one 1,1-dioxide in acetonitrile for the oxidation of the phosphite linkages. The thiation reaction step time was increased to 180 sec and preceded by the normal capping step. After cleavage from the CPG column and deblocking in concentrated ammonium hydroxide at 55° C. (12-16 hr), the oligonucleotides were recovered by precipitating with >3 volumes of ethanol from a 1 M NH₄OAc solution. Phosphinate oligonucleotides are prepared as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,508,270, herein incorporated by reference.

[0123] Alkyl phosphonate oligonucleotides are prepared as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,469,863, herein incorporated by reference.

[0124] 3′-Deoxy-3′-methylene phosphonate oligonucleotides are prepared as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,610,289 or 5,625,050, herein incorporated by reference.

[0125] Phosphoramidite oligonucleotides are prepared as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,256,775 or U.S. Pat. No. 5,366,878, herein incorporated by reference.

[0126] Alkylphosphonothioate oligonucleotides are prepared as described in published PCT applications PCT/US94/00902 and PCT/US93/06976 (published as WO 94/17093 and WO 94/02499, respectively), herein incorporated by reference.

[0127] 3′-Deoxy-3′-amino phosphoramidate oligonucleotides are prepared as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,476,925, herein incorporated by reference.

[0128] Phosphotriester oligonucleotides are prepared as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,023,243, herein incorporated by reference.

[0129] Borano phosphate oligonucleotides are prepared as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,130,302 and 5,177,198, both herein incorporated by reference.

[0130] Oligonucleosides: Methylenemethylimino linked oligonucleosides, also identified as MMI linked oligonucleosides, methylenedimethylhydrazo linked oligonucleosides, also identified as MDH linked oligonucleosides, and methylenecarbonylamino linked oligonucleosides, also identified as amide-3 linked oligonucleosides, and methyleneaminocarbonyl linked oligonucleosides, also identified as amide-4 linked oligonucleosides, as well as mixed backbone compounds having, for instance, alternating MMI and P═O or P═S linkages are prepared as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,378,825, 5,386,023, 5,489,677, 5,602,240 and 5,610,289, all of which are herein incorporated by reference.

[0131] Formacetal and thioformacetal linked oligonucleosides are prepared as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,264,562 and 5,264,564, herein incorporated by reference.

[0132] Ethylene oxide linked oligonucleosides are prepared as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,223,618, herein incorporated by reference.

Example 3

[0133] RNA Synthesis

[0134] In general, RNA synthesis chemistry is based on the selective incorporation of various protecting groups at strategic intermediary reactions. Although one of ordinary skill in the art will understand the use of protecting groups in organic synthesis, a useful class of protecting groups includes silyl ethers. In particular bulky silyl ethers are used to protect the 5′-hydroxyl in combination with an acid-labile orthoester protecting group on the 2′-hydroxyl. This set of protecting groups is then used with standard solid-phase synthesis technology. It is important to lastly remove the acid labile orthoester protecting group after all other synthetic steps. Moreover, the early use of the silyl protecting groups during synthesis ensures facile removal when desired, without undesired deprotection of 2′ hydroxyl.

[0135] Following this procedure for the sequential protection of the 5′-hydroxyl in combination with protection of the 2′-hydroxyl by protecting groups that are differentially removed and are differentially chemically labile, RNA oligonucleotides were synthesized.

[0136] RNA oligonucleotides are synthesized in a stepwise fashion. Each nucleotide is added sequentially (3′- to 5′-direction) to a solid support-bound oligonucleotide. The first nucleoside at the 3′-end of the chain is covalently attached to a solid support. The nucleotide precursor, a ribonucleoside phosphoramidite, and activator are added, coupling the second base onto the 5′-end of the first nucleoside. The support is washed and any unreacted 5′-hydroxyl groups are capped with acetic anhydride to yield 5′-acetyl moieties. The linkage is then oxidized to the more stable and ultimately desired P(V) linkage. At the end of the nucleotide addition cycle, the 5′-silyl group is cleaved with fluoride. The cycle is repeated for each subsequent nucleotide.

[0137] Following synthesis, the methyl protecting groups on the phosphates are cleaved in 30 minutes utilizing 1 M disodium-2-carbamoyl-2-cyanoethylene-1,1-dithiolate trihydrate (S₂Na₂) in DMF. The deprotection solution is washed from the solid support-bound oligonucleotide using water. The support is then treated with 40% methylamine in water for 10 minutes at 55° C. This releases the RNA oligonucleotides into solution, deprotects the exocyclic amines, and modifies the 2′-groups. The oligonucleotides can be analyzed by anion exchange HPLC at this stage.

[0138] The 2′-orthoester groups are the last protecting groups to be removed. The ethylene glycol monoacetate orthoester protecting group developed by Dharmacon Research, Inc. (Lafayette, Colo.), is one example of a useful orthoester protecting group which, has the following important properties. It is stable to the conditions of nucleoside phosphoramidite synthesis and oligonucleotide synthesis. However, after oligonucleotide synthesis the oligonucleotide is treated with methylamine which not only cleaves the oligonucleotide from the solid support but also removes the acetyl groups from the orthoesters. The resulting 2-ethyl-hydroxyl substituents on the orthoester are less electron withdrawing than the acetylated precursor. As a result, the modified orthoester becomes more labile to acid-catalyzed hydrolysis. Specifically, the rate of cleavage is approximately 10 times faster after the acetyl groups are removed. Therefore, this orthoester possesses sufficient stability in order to be compatible with oligonucleotide synthesis and yet, when subsequently modified, permits deprotection to be carried out under relatively mild aqueous conditions compatible with the final RNA oligonucleotide product.

[0139] Additionally, methods of RNA synthesis are well known in the art (Scaringe, S. A. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Colorado, 1996; Scaringe, S. A., et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1998, 120, 11820-11821; Matteucci, M. D. and Caruthers, M. H. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1981, 103, 3185-3191; Beaucage, S. L. and Caruthers, M. H. Tetrahedron Lett., 1981, 22, 1859-1862; Dahl, B. J., et al., Acta Chem. Scand., 1990, 44, 639-641; Reddy, M. P., et al., Tetrahedrom Lett., 1994, 25, 4311-4314; Wincott, F. et al., Nucleic Acids Res., 1995, 23, 2677-2684; Griffin, B. E., et al., Tetrahedron, 1967, 23, 2301-2313; Griffin, B. E., et al., Tetrahedron, 1967, 23, 2315-2331).

[0140] RNA antisense compounds (RNA oligonucleotides) of the present invention can be synthesized by the methods herein or purchased from Dharmacon Research, Inc (Lafayette, Colo.). Once synthesized, complementary RNA antisense compounds can then be annealed by methods known in the art to form double stranded (duplexed) antisense compounds. For example, duplexes can be formed by combining 30 μl of each of the complementary strands of RNA oligonucleotides (50 uM RNA oligonucleotide solution) and 15 μl of 5× annealing buffer (100 mM potassium acetate, 30 mM HEPES-KOH pH 7.4, 2 mM magnesium acetate) followed by heating for 1 minute at 90° C., then 1 hour at 37° C. The resulting duplexed antisense compounds can be used in kits, assays, screens, or other methods to investigate the role of a target nucleic acid.

Example 4

[0141] Synthesis of Chimeric Oligonucleotides

[0142] Chimeric oligonucleotides, oligonucleosides or mixed oligonucleotides/oligonucleosides of the invention can be of several different types. These include a first type wherein the “gap” segment of linked nucleosides is positioned between 5′ and 3′ “wing” segments of linked nucleosides and a second “open end” type wherein the “gap” segment is located at either the 3′ or the 5′ terminus of the oligomeric compound. Oligonucleotides of the first type are also known in the art as “gapmers” or gapped oligonucleotides. Oligonucleotides of the second type are also known in the art as “hemimers” or “wingmers”.

[0143] [2′-O-Me]--[2′-deoxy]--[2′-O-Me]Chimeric Phosphorothioate Oligonucleotides

[0144] Chimeric oligonucleotides having 2′-O-alkyl phosphorothioate and 2′-deoxy phosphorothioate oligonucleotide segments are synthesized using an Applied Biosystems automated DNA synthesizer Model 394, as above. Oligonucleotides are synthesized using the automated synthesizer and 2′-deoxy-5′-dimethoxytrityl-3′-O-phosphoramidite for the DNA portion and 5′-dimethoxytrityl-2′-O-methyl-3′-O-phosphoramidite for 5′ and 3′ wings. The standard synthesis cycle is modified by incorporating coupling steps with increased reaction times for the 5′-dimethoxytrityl-2′-O-methyl-3′-O-phosphoramidite. The fully protected oligonucleotide is cleaved from the support and deprotected in concentrated ammonia (NH₄OH) for 12-16 hr at 55° C. The deprotected oligo is then recovered by an appropriate method (precipitation, column chromatography, volume reduced in vacuo and analyzed spetrophotometrically for yield and for purity by capillary electrophoresis and by mass spectrometry.

[0145] [2′-O-(2-Methoxyethyl)]--[2′-deoxy]--[2′-O-(Methoxyethyl)]Chimeric Phosphorothioate Oligonucleotides

[0146] [2′-O-(2-methoxyethyl)]--[2′-deoxy]--[-2′-O-(methoxyethyl)]chimeric phosphorothioate oligonucleotides were prepared as per the procedure above for the 2′-O-methyl chimeric oligonucleotide, with the substitution of 2′-O-(methoxyethyl) amidites for the 2′-O-methyl amidites.

[0147] [2′-O-(2-Methoxyethyl)Phosphodiester]--[2′-deoxy Phosphorothioate]--[2′-O-(2-Methoxyethyl) Phosphodiester]Chimeric Oligonucleotides

[0148] [2′-O-(2-methoxyethyl phosphodiester]--[2′-deoxy phosphorothioate]--[2′-O-(methoxyethyl) phosphodiester]chimeric oligonucleotides are prepared as per the above procedure for the 2′-O-methyl chimeric oligonucleotide with the substitution of 2′-O-(methoxyethyl) amidites for the 2′-O-methyl amidites, oxidation with iodine to generate the phosphodiester internucleotide linkages within the wing portions of the chimeric structures and sulfurization utilizing 3,H-1,2 benzodithiole-3-one 1,1 dioxide (Beaucage Reagent) to generate the phosphorothioate internucleotide linkages for the center gap.

[0149] Other chimeric oligonucleotides, chimeric oligonucleosides and mixed chimeric oligonucleotides/oligonucleosides are synthesized according to U.S. Pat. No. 5,623,065, herein incorporated by reference.

Example 5

[0150] Design and Screening of Duplexed Antisense Compounds Targeting Jumonji

[0151] In accordance with the present invention, a series of nucleic acid duplexes comprising the antisense compounds of the present invention and their complements can be designed to target jumonji. The nucleobase sequence of the antisense strand of the duplex comprises at least a portion of an oligonucleotide in Table 1. The ends of the strands may be modified by the addition of one or more natural or modified nucleobases to form an overhang. The sense strand of the dsRNA is then designed and synthesized as the complement of the antisense strand and may also contain modifications or additions to either terminus. For example, in one embodiment, both strands of the dsRNA duplex would be complementary over the central nucleobases, each having overhangs at one or both termini.

[0152] For example, a duplex comprising an antisense strand having the sequence CGAGAGGCGGACGGGACCG and having a two-nucleobase overhang of deoxythymidine(dT) would have the following structure:   cgagaggcggacgggaccgTT Antisense Strand   ||||||||||||||||||| TTgctctccgcctgccctggc Complement

[0153] RNA strands of the duplex can be synthesized by methods disclosed herein or purchased from Dharmacon Research Inc., (Lafayette, Colo.). Once synthesized, the complementary strands are annealed. The single strands are aliquoted and diluted to a concentration of 50 uM. Once diluted, 30 uL of each strand is combined with 15 uL of a 5×solution of annealing buffer. The final concentration of said buffer is 100 mM potassium acetate, 30 mM HEPES-KOH pH 7.4, and 2 mM magnesium acetate. The final volume is 75 uL. This solution is incubated for 1 minute at 90° C. and then centrifuged for 15 seconds. The tube is allowed to sit for 1 hour at 37° C. at which time the dsRNA duplexes are used in experimentation. The final concentration of the dsRNA duplex is 20 uM. This solution can be stored frozen (−20° C.) and freeze-thawed up to 5 times.

[0154] Once prepared, the duplexed antisense compounds are evaluated for their ability to modulate jumonji expression.

[0155] When cells reached 80% confluency, they are treated with duplexed antisense compounds of the invention. For cells grown in 96-well plates, wells are washed once with 200 μL OPTI-MEM-1 reduced-serum medium (Gibco BRL) and then treated with 130 μL of OPTI-MEM-1 containing 12 μg/mL LIPOFECTIN (Gibco BRL) and the desired duplex antisense compound at a final concentration of 200 nM. After 5 hours of treatment, the medium is replaced with fresh medium. Cells are harvested 16 hours after treatment, at which time RNA is isolated and target reduction measured by RT-PCR.

Example 6

[0156] Oligonucleotide Isolation

[0157] After cleavage from the controlled pore glass solid support and deblocking in concentrated ammonium hydroxide at 55° C. for 12-16 hours, the oligonucleotides or oligonucleosides are recovered by precipitation out of 1 M NH₄OAc with >3 volumes of ethanol. Synthesized oligonucleotides were analyzed by electrospray mass spectroscopy (molecular weight determination) and by capillary gel electrophoresis and judged to be at least 70% full length material. The relative amounts of phosphorothioate and phosphodiester linkages obtained in the synthesis was determined by the ratio of correct molecular weight relative to the −16 amu product (+/−32+/−48). For some studies oligonucleotides were purified by HPLC, as described by Chiang et al., J. Biol. Chem. 1991, 266, 18162-18171. Results obtained with HPLC-purified material were similar to those obtained with non-HPLC purified material.

Example 7

[0158] Oligonucleotide Synthesis—96 Well Plate Format

[0159] Oligonucleotides were synthesized via solid phase P(III) phosphoramidite chemistry on an automated synthesizer capable of assembling 96 sequences simultaneously in a 96-well format. Phosphodiester internucleotide linkages were afforded by oxidation with aqueous iodine. Phosphorothioate internucleotide linkages were generated by sulfurization utilizing 3,H-1,2 benzodithiole-3-one 1,1 dioxide (Beaucage Reagent) in anhydrous acetonitrile. Standard base-protected beta-cyanoethyl-diiso-propyl phosphoramidites were purchased from commercial vendors (e.g. PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif., or Pharmacia, Piscataway, N.J.). Non-standard nucleosides are synthesized as per standard or patented methods. They are utilized as base protected beta-cyanoethyldiisopropyl phosphoramidites.

[0160] Oligonucleotides were cleaved from support and deprotected with concentrated NH₄OH at elevated temperature (55-60° C.) for 12-16 hours and the released product then dried in vacuo. The dried product was then re-suspended in sterile water to afford a master plate from which all analytical and test plate samples are then diluted utilizing robotic pipettors.

Example 8

[0161] Oligonucleotide Analysis—96-Well Plate Format

[0162] The concentration of oligonucleotide in each well was assessed by dilution of samples and UV absorption spectroscopy. The full-length integrity of the individual products was evaluated by capillary electrophoresis (CE) in either the 96-well format (Beckman P/ACE™ MDQ) or, for individually prepared samples, on a commercial CE apparatus (e.g., Beckman P/ACE™ 5000, ABI 270). Base and backbone composition was confirmed by mass analysis of the compounds utilizing electrospray-mass spectroscopy. All assay test plates were diluted from the master plate using single and multi-channel robotic pipettors. Plates were judged to be acceptable if at least 85% of the compounds on the plate were at least 85% full length.

Example 9

[0163] Cell Culture and Oligonucleotide Treatment

[0164] The effect of antisense compounds on target nucleic acid expression can be tested in any of a variety of cell types provided that the target nucleic acid is present at measurable levels. This can be routinely determined using, for example, PCR or Northern blot analysis. The following cell types are provided for illustrative purposes, but other cell types can be routinely used, provided that the target is expressed in the cell type chosen. This can be readily determined by methods routine in the art, for example Northern blot analysis, ribonuclease protection assays, or RT-PCR.

[0165] T-24 Cells:

[0166] The human transitional cell bladder carcinoma cell line T-24 was obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) (Manassas, Va.). T-24 cells were routinely cultured in complete McCoy's 5A basal media (Invitrogen Corporation, Carlsbad, Calif.) supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum (Invitrogen Corporation, Carlsbad, Calif.), penicillin 100 units per mL, and streptomycin 100 micrograms per mL (Invitrogen Corporation, Carlsbad, Calif.). Cells were routinely passaged by trypsinization and dilution when they reached 90% confluence. Cells were seeded into 96-well plates (Falcon-Primaria #353872) at a density of 7000 cells/well for use in RT-PCR analysis.

[0167] For Northern blotting or other analysis, cells may be seeded onto 100 mm or other standard tissue culture plates and treated similarly, using appropriate volumes of medium and oligonucleotide.

[0168] A549 Cells:

[0169] The human lung carcinoma cell line A549 was obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) (Manassas, Va.). A549 cells were routinely cultured in DMEM basal media (Invitrogen Corporation, Carlsbad, Calif.) supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum (Invitrogen Corporation, Carlsbad, Calif.), penicillin 100 units per mL, and streptomycin 100 micrograms per mL (Invitrogen Corporation, Carlsbad, Calif.). Cells were routinely passaged by trypsinization and dilution when they reached 90% confluence.

[0170] NHDF Cells:

[0171] Human neonatal dermal fibroblast (NHDF) were obtained from the Clonetics Corporation (Walkersville, Md.). NHDFs were routinely maintained in Fibroblast Growth Medium (Clonetics Corporation, Walkersville, Md.) supplemented as recommended by the supplier. Cells were maintained for up to 10 passages as recommended by the supplier.

[0172] HEK Cells:

[0173] Human embryonic keratinocytes (HEK) were obtained from the Clonetics Corporation (Walkersville, Md.). HEKs were routinely maintained in Keratinocyte Growth Medium (Clonetics Corporation, Walkersville, Md.) formulated as recommended by the supplier. Cells were routinely maintained for up to 10 passages as recommended by the supplier.

[0174] Treatment with Antisense Compounds:

[0175] When cells reached 65-75% confluency, they were treated with oligonucleotide. For cells grown in 96-well plates, wells were washed once with 100 μL OPTI-MEM™-1 reduced-serum medium (Invitrogen Corporation, Carlsbad, Calif.) and then treated with 130 μL of OPTI-MEM™-1 containing 3.75 μg/mL LIPOFECTIN™ (Invitrogen Corporation, Carlsbad, Calif.) and the desired concentration of oligonucleotide. Cells are treated and data are obtained in triplicate. After 4-7 hours of treatment at 37° C., the medium was replaced with fresh medium. Cells were harvested 16-24 hours after oligonucleotide treatment.

[0176] The concentration of oligonucleotide used varies from cell line to cell line. To determine the optimal oligonucleotide concentration for a particular cell line, the cells are treated with a positive control oligonucleotide at a range of concentrations. For human cells the positive control oligonucleotide is selected from either ISIS 13920 (TCCGTCATCGCTCCTCAGGG, SEQ ID NO: 1) which is targeted to human H-ras, or ISIS 18078, (GTGCGCGCGAGCCCGAAATC, SEQ ID NO: 2) which is targeted to human Jun-N-terminal kinase-2 (JNK2). Both controls are 2′-O-methoxyethyl gapmers (2′-Omethoxyethyls shown in bold) with a phosphorothioate backbone. For mouse or rat cells the positive control oligonucleotide is ISIS 15770, ATGCATTCTGCCCCCAAGGA, SEQ ID NO: 3, a 2′-O-methoxyethyl gapmer (2′-O-methoxyethyls shown in bold) with a phosphorothioate backbone which is targeted to both mouse and rat c-raf. The concentration of positive control oligonucleotide that results in 80% inhibition of cH-ras (for ISIS 13920), JNK2 (for ISIS 18078) or c-raf (for ISIS 15770) mRNA is then utilized as the screening concentration for new oligonucleotides in subsequent experiments for that cell line. If 80% inhibition is not achieved, the lowest concentration of positive control oligonucleotide that results in 60% inhibition of c-H-ras, JNK2 or c-raf mRNA is then utilized as the oligonucleotide screening concentration in subsequent experiments for that cell line. If 60% inhibition is not achieved, that particular cell line is deemed as unsuitable for oligonucleotide transfection experiments. The concentrations of antisense oligonucleotides used herein are from 50 nM to 300 nM.

Example 10

[0177] Analysis of Oligonucleotide Inhibition of Jumonji Expression

[0178] Antisense modulation of jumonji expression can be assayed in a variety of ways known in the art. For example, jumonji mRNA levels can be quantitated by, e.g., Northern blot analysis, competitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR), or real-time PCR (RT-PCR). Real-time quantitative PCR is presently preferred. RNA analysis can be performed on total cellular RNA or poly(A)+ mRNA. The preferred method of RNA analysis of the present invention is the use of total cellular RNA as described in other examples herein. Methods of RNA isolation are well known in the art. Northern blot analysis is also routine in the art. Real-time quantitative (PCR) can be conveniently accomplished using the commercially available ABI PRISM™ 7600, 7700, or 7900 Sequence Detection System, available from PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif. and used according to manufacturer's instructions.

[0179] Protein levels of jumonji can be quantitated in a variety of ways well known in the art, such as immunoprecipitation, Western blot analysis (immunoblotting), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). Antibodies directed to jumonji can be identified and obtained from a variety of sources, such as the MSRS catalog of antibodies (Aerie Corporation, Birmingham, MI), or can be prepared via conventional monoclonal or polyclonal antibody generation methods well known in the art.

Example 11

[0180] Design of Phenotypic Assays and In Vivo Studies for the Use of Jumonji Inhibitors

[0181] Phenotypic Assays

[0182] Once jumonji inhibitors have been identified by the methods disclosed herein, the compounds are further investigated in one or more phenotypic assays, each having measurable endpoints predictive of efficacy in the treatment of a particular disease state or condition. Phenotypic assays, kits and reagents for their use are well known to those skilled in the art and are herein used to investigate the role and/or association of jumonji in health and disease. Representative phenotypic assays, which can be purchased from any one of several commercial vendors, include those for determining cell viability, cytotoxicity, proliferation or cell survival (Molecular Probes, Eugene, Oreg.; PerkinElmer, Boston, Mass.), protein-based assays including enzymatic assays (Panvera, LLC, Madison, Wis.; BD Biosciences, Franklin Lakes, N.J.; Oncogene Research Products, San Diego, Calif.), cell regulation, signal transduction, inflammation, oxidative processes and apoptosis (Assay Designs Inc., Ann Arbor, Mich.), triglyceride accumulation (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo.), angiogenesis assays, tube formation assays, cytokine and hormone assays and metabolic assays (Chemicon International Inc., Temecula, Calif.; Amersham Biosciences, Piscataway, N.J.).

[0183] In one non-limiting example, cells determined to be appropriate for a particular phenotypic assay (i.e., MCF-7 cells selected for breast cancer studies; adipocytes for obesity studies) are treated with jumonji inhibitors identified from the in vitro studies as well as control compounds at optimal concentrations which are determined by the methods described above. At the end of the treatment period, treated and untreated cells are analyzed by one or more methods specific for the assay to determine phenotypic outcomes and endpoints.

[0184] Phenotypic endpoints include changes in cell morphology over time or treatment dose as well as changes in levels of cellular components such as proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, hormones, saccharides or metals. Measurements of cellular status which include pH, stage of the cell cycle, intake or excretion of biological indicators by the cell, are also endpoints of interest.

[0185] Analysis of the geneotype of the cell (measurement of the expression of one or more of the genes of the cell) after treatment is also used as an indicator of the efficacy or potency of the jumonji inhibitors. Hallmark genes, or those genes suspected to be associated with a specific disease state, condition, or phenotype, are measured in both treated and untreated cells.

[0186] In Vivo Studies

[0187] The individual subjects of the in vivo studies described herein are warm-blooded vertebrate animals, which includes humans.

[0188] The clinical trial is subjected to rigorous controls to ensure that individuals are not unnecessarily put at risk and that they are fully informed about their role in the study. To account for the psychological effects of receiving treatments, volunteers are randomly given placebo or jumonji inhibitor. Furthermore, to prevent the doctors from being biased in treatments, they are not informed as to whether the medication they are administering is a jumonji inhibitor or a placebo. Using this randomization approach, each volunteer has the same chance of being given either the new treatment or the placebo.

[0189] Volunteers receive either the jumonji inhibitor or placebo for eight week period with biological parameters associated with the indicated disease state or condition being measured at the beginning (baseline measurements before any treatment), end (after the final treatment), and at regular intervals during the study period. Such measurements include the levels of nucleic acid molecules encoding jumonji or jumonji protein levels in body fluids, tissues or organs compared to pre-treatment levels. Other measurements include, but are not limited to, indices of the disease state or condition being treated, body weight, blood pressure, serum titers of pharmacologic indicators of disease or toxicity as well as ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion) measurements.

[0190] Information recorded for each patient includes age (years), gender, height (cm), family history of disease state or condition (yes/no), motivation rating (some/moderate/great) and number and type of previous treatment regimens for the indicated disease or condition.

[0191] Volunteers taking part in this study are healthy adults (age 18 to 65 years) and roughly an equal number of males and females participate in the study. Volunteers with certain characteristics are equally distributed for placebo and jumonji inhibitor treatment. In general, the volunteers treated with placebo have little or no response to treatment, whereas the volunteers treated with the jumonji inhibitor show positive trends in their disease state or condition index at the conclusion of the study.

Example 12

[0192] RNA Isolation

[0193] Poly(A)+ mRNA Isolation

[0194] Poly(A)+ mRNA was isolated according to Miura et al., (Clin. Chem., 1996, 42, 1758-1764). Other methods for poly(A)+mRNA isolation are routine in the art. Briefly, for cells grown on 96-well plates, growth medium was removed from the cells and each well was washed with 200 μL cold PBS. 60 μL lysis buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.6, 1 mM EDTA, 0.5 M NaCl, 0.5% NP-40, 20 mM vanadyl-ribonucleoside complex) was added to each well, the plate was gently agitated and then incubated at room temperature for five minutes. 55 μL of lysate was transferred to Oligo d(T) coated 96-well plates (AGCT Inc., Irvine Calif.). Plates were incubated for 60 minutes at room temperature, washed 3 times with 200 μL of wash buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.6, 1 mM EDTA, 0.3 M NaCl). After the final wash, the plate was blotted on paper towels to remove excess wash buffer and then air-dried for 5 minutes. 60 μL of elution buffer (5 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.6), preheated to 70° C., was added to each well, the plate was incubated on a 90° C. hot plate for 5 minutes, and the eluate was then transferred to a fresh 96-well plate.

[0195] Cells grown on 100 mm or other standard plates may be treated similarly, using appropriate volumes of all solutions.

[0196] Total RNA Isolation

[0197] Total RNA was isolated using an RNEASY96™ kit and buffers purchased from Qiagen Inc. (Valencia, Calif.) following the manufacturer's recommended procedures. Briefly, for cells grown on 96-well plates, growth medium was removed from the cells and each well was washed with 200 μL cold PBS. 150 L Buffer RLT was added to each well and the plate vigorously agitated for 20 seconds. 150 μL of 70% ethanol was then added to each well and the contents mixed by pipetting three times up and down. The samples were then transferred to the RNEASY96™ well plate attached to a QIAVAC™ manifold fitted with a waste collection tray and attached to a vacuum source. Vacuum was applied for 1 minute. 500 μL of Buffer RW1 was added to each well of the RNEASY96™ plate and incubated for 15 minutes and the vacuum was again applied for 1 minute. An additional 500 μL of Buffer RW1 was added to each-well of the RNEASY96™ plate and the vacuum was applied for 2 minutes. 1 mL of Buffer RPE was then added to each well of the RNEASY ₉₆™ plate and the vacuum applied for a period of 90 seconds. The Buffer RPE wash was then repeated and the vacuum was applied for an additional 3 minutes. The plate was then removed from the QIAVAC™ manifold and blotted dry on paper towels. The plate was then re-attached to the QIAVAC™ manifold fitted with a collection tube rack containing 1.2 mL collection tubes. RNA was then eluted by pipetting 140 μL of RNAse free water into each well, incubating 1 minute, and then applying the vacuum for 3 minutes.

[0198] The repetitive pipetting and elution steps may be automated using a QIAGEN Bio-Robot 9604 (Qiagen, Inc., Valencia Calif.). Essentially, after lysing of the cells on the culture plate, the plate is transferred to the robot deck where the pipetting, DNase treatment and elution steps are carried out.

Example 13

[0199] Real-Time Quantitative PCR Analysis of Jumonji mRNA Levels

[0200] Quantitation of jumonji mRNA levels was accomplished by real-time quantitative PCR using the ABI PRISM™ 7600, 7700, or 7900 Sequence Detection System (PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.) according to manufacturer's instructions. This is a closed-tube, non-gel-based, fluorescence detection system which allows high-throughput quantitation of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products in real-time. As opposed to standard PCR in which amplification products are quantitated after the PCR is completed, products in real-time quantitative PCR are quantitated as they accumulate. This is accomplished by including in the PCR reaction an oligonucleotide probe that anneals specifically between the forward and reverse PCR primers, and contains two fluorescent dyes. A reporter dye (e.g., FAM or JOE, obtained from either PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif., Operon Technologies Inc., Alameda, Calif. or Integrated DNA Technologies Inc., Coralville, Iowa) is attached to the 5′ end of the probe and a quencher dye (e.g., TAMRA, obtained from either PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif., Operon Technologies Inc., Alameda, Calif. or Integrated DNA Technologies Inc., Coralville, Iowa) is attached to the 3′ end of the probe. When the probe and dyes are intact, reporter dye emission is quenched by the proximity of the 3′ quencher dye. During amplification, annealing of the probe to the target sequence creates a substrate that can be cleaved by the 5′-exonuclease activity of Taq polymerase. During the extension phase of the PCR amplification cycle, cleavage of the probe by Taq polymerase releases the reporter dye from the remainder of the probe (and hence from the quencher moiety) and a sequence-specific fluorescent signal is generated. With each cycle, additional reporter dye molecules are cleaved from their respective probes, and the fluorescence intensity is monitored at regular intervals by laser optics built into the ABI PRISM™ Sequence Detection System. In each assay, a series of parallel reactions containing serial dilutions of mRNA from untreated control samples generates a standard curve that is used to quantitate the percent inhibition after antisense oligonucleotide treatment of test samples.

[0201] Prior to quantitative PCR analysis, primer-probe sets specific to the target gene being measured are evaluated for their ability to be “multiplexed” with a GAPDH amplification reaction. In multiplexing, both the target gene and the internal standard gene GAPDH are amplified concurrently in a single sample. In this analysis, mRNA isolated from untreated cells is serially diluted. Each dilution is amplified in the presence of primer-probe sets specific for GAPDH only, target gene only (“single-plexing”), or both (multiplexing). Following PCR amplification, standard curves of GAPDH and target mRNA signal as a function of dilution are generated from both the single-plexed and multiplexed samples. If both the slope and correlation coefficient of the GAPDH and target signals generated from the multiplexed samples fall within 10% of their corresponding values generated from the single-plexed samples, the primer-probe set specific for that target is deemed multiplexable. Other methods of PCR are also known in the art.

[0202] PCR reagents were obtained from Invitrogen Corporation, (Carlsbad, Calif.). RT-PCR reactions were carried out by adding 20 μL PCR cocktail (2.5×PCR buffer minus MgCl₂, 6.6 mM MgCl₂, 375 μM each of DATP, dCTP, dCTP and dGTP, 375 nM each of forward primer and reverse primer, 125 nM of probe, 4 Units RNAse inhibitor, 1.25 Units PLATINUM® Taq, 5 Units MuLV reverse transcriptase, and 2.5×ROX dye) to 96-well plates containing 30 μL total RNA solution (20-200 ng). The RT reaction was carried out by incubation for 30 minutes at 48° C. Following a 10 minute incubation at 95° C. to activate the PLATINUM® Taq, 40 cycles of a two-step PCR protocol were carried out: 95° C. for 15 seconds (denaturation) followed by 60° C. for 1.5 minutes (annealing/extension).

[0203] Gene target quantities obtained by real time RT-PCR are normalized using either the expression level of GAPDH, a gene whose expression is constant, or by quantifying total RNA using RiboGreen™ (Molecular Probes, Inc. Eugene, Oreg.). GAPDH expression is quantified by real time RT-PCR, by being run simultaneously with the target, multiplexing, or separately. Total RNA is quantified using RiboGreen™ RNA quantification reagent (Molecular Probes, Inc. Eugene, Oreg.). Methods of RNA quantification by RiboGreen are taught in Jones, L. J., et al, (Analytical Biochemistry, 1998, 265, 368-374).

[0204] In this assay, 170 μL of RiboGreen™ working reagent (RiboGreen™ reagent diluted 1:350 in 10 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM EDTA, pH 7.5) is pipetted into a 96-well plate containing 30 μL purified, cellular RNA. The plate is read in a CytoFluor 4000 (PE Applied Biosystems) with excitation at 485 nm and emission at 530 nm.

[0205] Probes and primers to human jumonji were designed to hybridize to a human jumonji sequence, using published sequence information (GenBank accession number NM_(—)004973.1, incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO:4). For human jumonji the PCR primers were: forward primer: CGGCTCAGGACTTACGGAAA (SEQ ID NO: 5) reverse primer: GGTTACACCTGCACCCAGAGA (SEQ ID NO: 6) and the PCR probe was: FAM-AGGTTTCTAAGGTAAACGGAGTCACTCGAATGTC-TAMRA (SEQ ID NO: 7) where FAM is the fluorescent dye and TAMRA is the quencher dye. For human GAPDH the PCR primers were: forward primer: GAAGGTGAAGGTCGGAGTC(SEQ ID NO:8) reverse primer: GAAGATGGTGATGGGATTTC (SEQ ID NO:9) and the PCR probe was: 5′ JOE-CAAGCTTCCCGTTCTCAGCC-TAMRA 3′ (SEQ ID NO: 10) where JOE is the fluorescent reporter dye and TAMRA is the quencher dye.

Example 14

[0206] Northern Blot Analysis of Jumonji mRNA Levels

[0207] Eighteen hours after antisense treatment, cell monolayers were washed twice with cold PBS and lysed in 1 mL RNAZOL™ (TEL-TEST “B” Inc., Friendswood, Tex.). Total RNA was prepared following manufacturer's recommended protocols. Twenty micrograms of total RNA was fractionated by electrophoresis through 1.2% agarose gels containing 1.1% formaldehyde using a MOPS buffer system (AMRESCO, Inc. Solon, Ohio). RNA was transferred from the gel to HYBOND™-N+ nylon membranes (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Piscataway, N.J.) by overnight capillary transfer using a Northern/Southern Transfer buffer system (TEL-TEST “B” Inc., Friendswood, Tex.). RNA transfer was confirmed by UV visualization. Membranes were fixed by UV cross-linking using a STRATALINKER™ UV Crosslinker 2400 (Stratagene, Inc, La Jolla, Calif.) and then probed using QUICKHYB™ hybridization solution (Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif.) using manufacturer's recommendations for stringent conditions.

[0208] To detect human jumonji, a human jumonji specific probe was prepared by PCR using the forward primer CGGCTCAGGACTTACGGAAA (SEQ ID NO: 5) and the reverse primer GGTTACACCTGCACCCAGAGA (SEQ ID NO: 6). To normalize for variations in loading and transfer efficiency membranes were stripped and probed for human glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) RNA (Clontech, Palo Alto, Calif.).

[0209] Hybridized membranes were visualized and quantitated using a PHOSPHORIMAGER™ and IMAGEQUANT™ Software V3.3 (Molecular Dynamics, Sunnyvale, Calif.). Data was normalized to GAPDH levels in untreated controls.

Example 15

[0210] Antisense Inhibition of Human Jumonji Expression by Chimeric Phosphorothioate Oligonucleotides Having 2′-MOE Wings and a Deoxy Gap

[0211] In accordance with the present invention, a series of antisense compounds were designed to target different regions of the human jumonji RNA, using published sequences (GenBank accession number NM_(—)004973.1, incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 4). The compounds are shown in Table 1. “Target site” indicates the first (5′-most) nucleotide number on the particular target sequence to which the compound binds. All compounds in Table 1 are chimeric oligonucleotides (“gapmers”) 20 nucleotides in length, composed of a central “gap” region consisting of ten 2′-deoxynucleotides, which is flanked on both sides (5′ and 3′ directions) by five-nucleotide “wings”. The wings are composed of 2∝-methoxyethyl (2′-MOE)nucleotides. The internucleoside (backbone) linkages are phosphorothioate (P═S) throughout the oligonucleotide. All cytidine residues are 5-methylcytidines. The compounds were analyzed for their effect on human jumonji mRNA levels by quantitative real-time PCR as described in other examples herein. Data are averages from three experiments in which A549 cells were treated with the antisense oligonucleotides of the present invention. The positive control for each datapoint is identified in the table by sequence ID number. If present, “N.D.” indicates “no data”. TABLE 1 Inhibition of human jumonji mRNA levels by chimeric phosphorothioate oligonucleotides having 2′-MOE wings and a deoxy gap TARGET CONTROL SEQ ID TARGET % SEQ ID SEQ ID ISIS # REGION NO SITE SEQUENCE INHIB NO NO 214885 Start 4 236 tccttgctcattctgagatc 53 11 2 Codon 214887 Stop 4 4036 gtactccaaactagaatata 46 12 2 Codon 214889 Coding 4 1561 cttccagtctcctcttggag 52 13 2 214891 Coding 4 774 ctcctcatcctgagagcttc 70 14 2 214893 Coding 4 3411 gagtaacttctccatggaga 55 15 2 214895 Coding 4 314 cgtaccacccgttcttctga 75 16 2 214898 Coding 4 569 ctttgtgcttgcagcctggg 59 17 2 214899 Coding 4 2793 ctcttccactagcctccagt 24 18 2 214902 Coding 4 1199 atctttttggcactggttac 48 19 2 214903 Coding 4 3040 caatgtatggaaggtgattt 42 20 2 214906 Coding 4 2853 tccactgccgtgagtgttgg 46 21 2 214907 Coding 4 2283 gatgcgcagcatgtctgata 23 22 2 214910 Coding 4 1085 tgggtggcagcaagcccctt 26 23 2 214912 Coding 4 3126 cagggtgtggaccacatctt 32 24 2 214914 Coding 4 493 aggacacttgggatgcatcg 43 25 2 214915 Coding 4 1330 aactgggcttgtggtgattg 65 26 2 214918 Coding 4 782 tcgacttcctcctcatcctg 59 27 2 214919 Coding 4 502 tgctagtggaggacacttgg 49 28 2 214922 Coding 4 3253 agacgacaaactggccactc 54 29 2 214923 Coding 4 763 gagagcttccaaaatacacc 30 30 2 214926 Coding 4 3465 ggtactgagagtgggaccgt 51 31 2 214927 Coding 4 1241 gtgtacttcacagttttgga  0 32 2 214930 Coding 4 1298 ttgaccagttctctcttggc 52 33 2 214932 Coding 4 3366 catttccttggcggtctcaa  0 34 2 214933 Coding 4 3390 tggcttagctatatggcgac 53 35 2 214935 Coding 4 2984 ccaatatttagccagggaat 30 36 2 214937 Coding 4 3507 ccgtagctctgtatccctga 78 37 2 214939 Coding 4 1547 ttggagttccgcagcccctc 10 38 2 214942 Coding 4 1149 tccgtttaccttagaaacct 61 39 2 214943 Coding 4 2559 gcccacctccttgagcttgc 75 40 2 214945 Coding 4 451 ctgatgctggtcctaatccc 59 41 2 214947 Coding 4 764 tgagagcttccaaaatacac 50 42 2 214949 Coding 4 1358 ttccctgagattgtgtggtt 67 43 2 214952 Coding 4 1936 gcggatcgtggaactccttg 11 44 2 214953 Coding 4 1002 gtcagcccggtgatcgctgt 47 45 2 214955 Coding 4 836 gatgaagcattgttggtggc 30 46 2 214958 Coding 4 2282 atgcgcagcatgtctgatag 17 47 2

[0212] As shown in Table 1, SEQ ID NOs 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43 and 45 demonstrated at least 40% inhibition of human jumonji expression in this assay and are therefore preferred. More preferred are SEQ ID NOs 16, 37 and 40. The target regions to which these preferred sequences are complementary are herein referred to as “preferred target segments” and are therefore preferred for targeting by compounds of the present invention. These preferred target segments are shown in Table 2. The sequences represent the reverse complement of the preferred antisense compounds shown in Table 1. “Target site”-indicates the first (5′-most) nucleotide number on the particular target nucleic acid to which the oligonucleotide binds. Also shown in Table 2 is the species in which each of the preferred target segments was found. TABLE 2 Sequence and position of preferred target segments identified in jumonji. TARGET REV COMP SITE SEQ ID TARGET OF SEQ SEQ ID ID NO SITE SEQUENCE ID ACTIVE IN NO 131777 4 236 gatctcagaatgagcaagga 11 H. sapiens 48 131778 4 4036 tatattctagtttggagtac 12 H. sapiens 49 131779 4 1561 ctccaagaggagactggaag 13 H. sapiens 50 131780 4 774 gaagctctcaggatgaggag 14 H. sapiens 51 131781 4 3411 tctccatggagaagttactc 15 H. sapiens 52 131782 4 314 tcagaagaacgggtggtacg 16 H. sapiens 53 131783 4 569 cccaggctgcaagcacaaag 17 H. sapiens 54 131785 4 1199 gtaaccagtgccaaaaagat 19 H. sapiens 55 131786 4 3040 aaatcaccttccatacattg 20 H. sapiens 56 131787 4 2853 ccaacactcacggcagtgga 21 H. sapiens 57 131791 4 493 cgatgcatcccaagtgtcct 25 H. sapiens 58 131792 4 1330 caatcaccacaagcccagtt 26 H. sapiens 59 131793 4 782 caggatgaggaggaagtcga 27 H. sapiens 60 131794 4 502 ccaagtgtcctccactagca 28 H. sapiens 61 131795 4 3253 gagtggccagtttgtcgtct 29 H. sapiens 62 131797 4 3465 acggtcccactctcagtacc 31 H. sapiens 63 131799 4 1298 gccaagagagaactggtcaa 33 H. sapiens 64 131801 4 3390 gtcgccatatagctaagcca 35 H. sapiens 65 131803 4 3507 tcagggatacagagctacgg 37 H. sapiens 66 131805 4 1149 aggtttctaaggtaaacgga 39 H. sapiens 67 131806 4 2559 gcaagctcaaggaggtgggc 40 H. sapiens 68 131807 4 451 gggattaggaccagcatcag 41 H. sapiens 69 131808 4 764 gtgtattttggaagctctca 42 H. sapiens 70 131809 4 1358 aaccacacaatctcagggaa 43 H. sapiens 71 131811 4 1002 acagcgatcaccgggctgac 45 H. sapiens 72

[0213] As these “preferred target segments” have been found by experimentation to be open to, and accessible for, hybridization with the antisense compounds of the present invention, one of skill in the art will recognize or be able to ascertain, using no more than routine experimentation, further embodiments of the invention that encompass other compounds that specifically hybridize to these preferred target segments and consequently inhibit the expression of jumonji.

[0214] According to the present invention, antisense compounds include antisense oligomeric compounds, antisense oligonucleotides, ribozymes, external guide sequence (EGS) oligonucleotides, alternate splicers, primers, probes, and other short oligomeric compounds which hybridize to at least a portion of the target nucleic acid.

Example 16

[0215] Western Blot Analysis of Jumonji Protein Levels

[0216] Western blot analysis (immunoblot analysis) is carried out using standard methods. Cells are harvested 16-20 h after oligonucleotide treatment, washed once with PBS, suspended in Laemmli buffer (100 ul/well), boiled for 5 minutes and loaded on a 16% SDS-PAGE gel. Gels are run for 1.5 hours at 150 V, and transferred to membrane for western blotting. Appropriate primary antibody directed to jumonji is used, with a radiolabeled or fluorescently labeled secondary antibody directed against the primary antibody species. Bands are visualized using a PHOSPHORIMAGER™ (Molecular Dynamics, Sunnyvale Calif.).

1 72 1 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 1 tccgtcatcg ctcctcaggg 20 2 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 2 gtgcgcgcga gcccgaaatc 20 3 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 3 atgcattctg cccccaagga 20 4 4068 DNA H. sapiens CDS (245)...(4045) 4 gttttactaa agtgaatttt tttttgtttg cttcgttcgt ctttggctct ttttttttcc 60 ttcccaattt cggatttatt tcaaggcgaa tctggctttg ggggaagagg aagaaaagtc 120 ggattacaag atcaaccacc accaacaaca ataaaaacca ccaggatatt tttttgcaaa 180 tttctgacgg ctttaaattc atgaagcaat tgtccccttt tgcaatcagc atttggatct 240 caga atg agc aag gaa aga ccc aag agg aat atc att cag aag aaa tac 289 Met Ser Lys Glu Arg Pro Lys Arg Asn Ile Ile Gln Lys Lys Tyr 1 5 10 15 gat gac agt gat ggg att ccg tgg tca gaa gaa cgg gtg gta cgt aaa 337 Asp Asp Ser Asp Gly Ile Pro Trp Ser Glu Glu Arg Val Val Arg Lys 20 25 30 gtc ctt tat ttg tcc ctg aag gaa ttc aag aat tcc cag aag agg cag 385 Val Leu Tyr Leu Ser Leu Lys Glu Phe Lys Asn Ser Gln Lys Arg Gln 35 40 45 cat gcg gaa ggc att gct ggg agc ctg aaa act gtg aat ggg ctc ctt 433 His Ala Glu Gly Ile Ala Gly Ser Leu Lys Thr Val Asn Gly Leu Leu 50 55 60 ggt aat gac cag tct aag gga tta gga cca gca tca gaa cag tca gag 481 Gly Asn Asp Gln Ser Lys Gly Leu Gly Pro Ala Ser Glu Gln Ser Glu 65 70 75 aat gaa aag gac gat gca tcc caa gtg tcc tcc act agc aac gat gtt 529 Asn Glu Lys Asp Asp Ala Ser Gln Val Ser Ser Thr Ser Asn Asp Val 80 85 90 95 agt tct tca gat ttt gaa gaa ggg ccg tcg agg aaa agg ccc agg ctg 577 Ser Ser Ser Asp Phe Glu Glu Gly Pro Ser Arg Lys Arg Pro Arg Leu 100 105 110 caa gca caa agg aag ttt gct cag tct cag ccg aat agt ccc agc aca 625 Gln Ala Gln Arg Lys Phe Ala Gln Ser Gln Pro Asn Ser Pro Ser Thr 115 120 125 act cca gta aag ata gtg gag cca ttg cta ccc cct cca gct act cag 673 Thr Pro Val Lys Ile Val Glu Pro Leu Leu Pro Pro Pro Ala Thr Gln 130 135 140 ata tca gac ctc tct aaa agg aag cct aag aca gaa gat ttt ctt acc 721 Ile Ser Asp Leu Ser Lys Arg Lys Pro Lys Thr Glu Asp Phe Leu Thr 145 150 155 ttt ctc tgc ctt cga ggt tct cct gcg ctg ccc aac agc atg gtg tat 769 Phe Leu Cys Leu Arg Gly Ser Pro Ala Leu Pro Asn Ser Met Val Tyr 160 165 170 175 ttt gga agc tct cag gat gag gag gaa gtc gag gag gaa gat gat gag 817 Phe Gly Ser Ser Gln Asp Glu Glu Glu Val Glu Glu Glu Asp Asp Glu 180 185 190 aca gaa gac gtc aaa aca gcc acc aac aat gct tca tct tca tgc cag 865 Thr Glu Asp Val Lys Thr Ala Thr Asn Asn Ala Ser Ser Ser Cys Gln 195 200 205 tcg acc ccc agg aaa gga aaa acc cac aaa cat gtt cac aac ggg cat 913 Ser Thr Pro Arg Lys Gly Lys Thr His Lys His Val His Asn Gly His 210 215 220 gtt ttc aat ggt tcc agc agg tca aca cgg gag aag gaa cct gtt caa 961 Val Phe Asn Gly Ser Ser Arg Ser Thr Arg Glu Lys Glu Pro Val Gln 225 230 235 aaa cac aaa agc aaa gag gcc act ccc gca aag gag aag cac agc gat 1009 Lys His Lys Ser Lys Glu Ala Thr Pro Ala Lys Glu Lys His Ser Asp 240 245 250 255 cac cgg gct gac agc cgc cgg gag cag gct tca gct aac cac ccc gca 1057 His Arg Ala Asp Ser Arg Arg Glu Gln Ala Ser Ala Asn His Pro Ala 260 265 270 gcg gcc ccc tcc acg ggt tcc tcg gcc aag ggg ctt gct gcc acc cat 1105 Ala Ala Pro Ser Thr Gly Ser Ser Ala Lys Gly Leu Ala Ala Thr His 275 280 285 cac cac ccc cct ctg cat cgg tcg gct cag gac tta cgg aaa cag gtt 1153 His His Pro Pro Leu His Arg Ser Ala Gln Asp Leu Arg Lys Gln Val 290 295 300 tct aag gta aac gga gtc act cga atg tca tct ctg ggt gca ggt gta 1201 Ser Lys Val Asn Gly Val Thr Arg Met Ser Ser Leu Gly Ala Gly Val 305 310 315 acc agt gcc aaa aag atg cgc gag gtc aga cct tca cca tcc aaa act 1249 Thr Ser Ala Lys Lys Met Arg Glu Val Arg Pro Ser Pro Ser Lys Thr 320 325 330 335 gtg aag tac act gcc acg gtg acg aag ggg gct gtc aca tac acc aaa 1297 Val Lys Tyr Thr Ala Thr Val Thr Lys Gly Ala Val Thr Tyr Thr Lys 340 345 350 gcc aag aga gaa ctg gtc aag gac acc aaa ccc aat cac cac aag ccc 1345 Ala Lys Arg Glu Leu Val Lys Asp Thr Lys Pro Asn His His Lys Pro 355 360 365 agt tcc gct gtc aac cac aca atc tca ggg aaa act gaa agt agc aat 1393 Ser Ser Ala Val Asn His Thr Ile Ser Gly Lys Thr Glu Ser Ser Asn 370 375 380 gca aaa acc cgc aaa cag gtg cta tcc ctc ggg ggg gcg tcc aag tcc 1441 Ala Lys Thr Arg Lys Gln Val Leu Ser Leu Gly Gly Ala Ser Lys Ser 385 390 395 act ggg ccc gcc gtc aat ggc ctc aag gtc agt ggc agg ttg aac cca 1489 Thr Gly Pro Ala Val Asn Gly Leu Lys Val Ser Gly Arg Leu Asn Pro 400 405 410 415 aag tca tgc act aag gag gtg ggg ggg cgg cag ctg cgg gag ggc ctg 1537 Lys Ser Cys Thr Lys Glu Val Gly Gly Arg Gln Leu Arg Glu Gly Leu 420 425 430 cag ctg cgg gag ggg ctg cgg aac tcc aag agg aga ctg gaa gag gca 1585 Gln Leu Arg Glu Gly Leu Arg Asn Ser Lys Arg Arg Leu Glu Glu Ala 435 440 445 cac cag gcg gag aag ccg cag tcg ccc ccc aag aag atg aaa ggg gcg 1633 His Gln Ala Glu Lys Pro Gln Ser Pro Pro Lys Lys Met Lys Gly Ala 450 455 460 gct ggc ccc gcc gaa ggc cct ggc aag aag gcc ccg gcc gag aga ggt 1681 Ala Gly Pro Ala Glu Gly Pro Gly Lys Lys Ala Pro Ala Glu Arg Gly 465 470 475 ctg ctg aac gga cac gtg aag aag gaa gtg ccg gag cgc agt ctg gag 1729 Leu Leu Asn Gly His Val Lys Lys Glu Val Pro Glu Arg Ser Leu Glu 480 485 490 495 agg aat cgg ccg aag cgg gcc acg gcc ggg aag agc acg cca ggc aga 1777 Arg Asn Arg Pro Lys Arg Ala Thr Ala Gly Lys Ser Thr Pro Gly Arg 500 505 510 caa gca cat ggc aag gcg gac agc gcc tcc tgt gaa aat cgt tct acc 1825 Gln Ala His Gly Lys Ala Asp Ser Ala Ser Cys Glu Asn Arg Ser Thr 515 520 525 tcg caa ccg gag tcc gtg cac aag ccg cag gac tcg ggc aag gcc gag 1873 Ser Gln Pro Glu Ser Val His Lys Pro Gln Asp Ser Gly Lys Ala Glu 530 535 540 aag ggc ggc ggc aag gcc ggg tgg gcg gcc atg gac gag atc ccc gtc 1921 Lys Gly Gly Gly Lys Ala Gly Trp Ala Ala Met Asp Glu Ile Pro Val 545 550 555 ctc agg ccc tcc gcc aag gag ttc cac gat ccg ctc atc tac atc gag 1969 Leu Arg Pro Ser Ala Lys Glu Phe His Asp Pro Leu Ile Tyr Ile Glu 560 565 570 575 tcg gtc cgc gct cag gtg gag aag ttc ggg atg tgc agg gtg atc ccc 2017 Ser Val Arg Ala Gln Val Glu Lys Phe Gly Met Cys Arg Val Ile Pro 580 585 590 cct ccg gac tgg cgg ccc gag tgc aag ctc aac gat gag atg cgg ttt 2065 Pro Pro Asp Trp Arg Pro Glu Cys Lys Leu Asn Asp Glu Met Arg Phe 595 600 605 gtc acg cag att cag cac atc cac aag ctg ggc cgg cgc tgg ggc ccc 2113 Val Thr Gln Ile Gln His Ile His Lys Leu Gly Arg Arg Trp Gly Pro 610 615 620 aac gtg cag cgg ctg gcc tgc atc aag aag cac ctc aaa tct cag ggc 2161 Asn Val Gln Arg Leu Ala Cys Ile Lys Lys His Leu Lys Ser Gln Gly 625 630 635 atc acc atg gac gag ctc ccg ctc ata ggg ggc tgt gag ctc gac ctg 2209 Ile Thr Met Asp Glu Leu Pro Leu Ile Gly Gly Cys Glu Leu Asp Leu 640 645 650 655 gcc tgc ttt ttc cgg ctg att aat gag atg ggc ggc atg caa caa gtg 2257 Ala Cys Phe Phe Arg Leu Ile Asn Glu Met Gly Gly Met Gln Gln Val 660 665 670 act gaa ctc aaa aaa tgg aac aaa cta tca gac atg ctg cgc atc ccc 2305 Thr Glu Leu Lys Lys Trp Asn Lys Leu Ser Asp Met Leu Arg Ile Pro 675 680 685 aaa act gcc cag gaa cgg ctg gcc aag ctg cag gaa gcc tac tgc cag 2353 Lys Thr Ala Gln Glu Arg Leu Ala Lys Leu Gln Glu Ala Tyr Cys Gln 690 695 700 tac ata ctt tcg tat gac tcc ctg tcc cca gag gag cac cgg cgg ctg 2401 Tyr Ile Leu Ser Tyr Asp Ser Leu Ser Pro Glu Glu His Arg Arg Leu 705 710 715 gag aag gag gtg ctg atg gag aag gag atc ctg gag aag cgc aag ggg 2449 Glu Lys Glu Val Leu Met Glu Lys Glu Ile Leu Glu Lys Arg Lys Gly 720 725 730 735 ccg ctg gaa ggc cac aca gag aac gac cac cac aag ttc cac cct ctg 2497 Pro Leu Glu Gly His Thr Glu Asn Asp His His Lys Phe His Pro Leu 740 745 750 ccc cgc tta gag ccc aag aat ggg ctc atc cac ggc gtg gcc ccc agg 2545 Pro Arg Leu Glu Pro Lys Asn Gly Leu Ile His Gly Val Ala Pro Arg 755 760 765 aac ggc ttc cgc agc aag ctc aag gag gtg ggc cag gcc cag ttg aag 2593 Asn Gly Phe Arg Ser Lys Leu Lys Glu Val Gly Gln Ala Gln Leu Lys 770 775 780 act ggc cgg cgg cga ctc ttc gct cag gaa aaa gaa gtg gtc aag gaa 2641 Thr Gly Arg Arg Arg Leu Phe Ala Gln Glu Lys Glu Val Val Lys Glu 785 790 795 gag gag gag gac aaa ggc gtc ctc aat gac ttc cac aag tgc atc tat 2689 Glu Glu Glu Asp Lys Gly Val Leu Asn Asp Phe His Lys Cys Ile Tyr 800 805 810 815 aag gga agg tct gtt tct cta aca act ttt tat cga aca gcg agg aat 2737 Lys Gly Arg Ser Val Ser Leu Thr Thr Phe Tyr Arg Thr Ala Arg Asn 820 825 830 atc atg agc atg tgt ttc agc aag gag cct gcc cca gcc gaa atc gag 2785 Ile Met Ser Met Cys Phe Ser Lys Glu Pro Ala Pro Ala Glu Ile Glu 835 840 845 caa gag tac tgg agg cta gtg gaa gag aag gac tgc cac gtg gca gtg 2833 Gln Glu Tyr Trp Arg Leu Val Glu Glu Lys Asp Cys His Val Ala Val 850 855 860 cac tgc ggc aag gtg gac acc aac act cac ggc agt gga ttc cca gta 2881 His Cys Gly Lys Val Asp Thr Asn Thr His Gly Ser Gly Phe Pro Val 865 870 875 gga aaa tca gaa ccc ttt tcg agg cat gga tgg aac ctc acc gtc ctc 2929 Gly Lys Ser Glu Pro Phe Ser Arg His Gly Trp Asn Leu Thr Val Leu 880 885 890 895 ccc aat aac aca ggg tcc atc ctg cgt cac ctc ggt gct gtg cct gga 2977 Pro Asn Asn Thr Gly Ser Ile Leu Arg His Leu Gly Ala Val Pro Gly 900 905 910 gtg act att ccc tgg cta aat att ggc atg gtc ttt tct acc tca tgc 3025 Val Thr Ile Pro Trp Leu Asn Ile Gly Met Val Phe Ser Thr Ser Cys 915 920 925 tgg tct cga gac caa aat cac ctt cca tac att gac tac tta cac act 3073 Trp Ser Arg Asp Gln Asn His Leu Pro Tyr Ile Asp Tyr Leu His Thr 930 935 940 ggt gct gac tgc att tgg tat tgc att cct gct gag gag gag aac aag 3121 Gly Ala Asp Cys Ile Trp Tyr Cys Ile Pro Ala Glu Glu Glu Asn Lys 945 950 955 ctg gaa gat gtg gtc cac acc ctg ctg caa gcc aat ggc acc cca ggg 3169 Leu Glu Asp Val Val His Thr Leu Leu Gln Ala Asn Gly Thr Pro Gly 960 965 970 975 ctg cag atg ctg gaa agc aac gtc atg atc tcc ccg gag gtg ctg tgc 3217 Leu Gln Met Leu Glu Ser Asn Val Met Ile Ser Pro Glu Val Leu Cys 980 985 990 aaa gag ggg atc aag gtg cac agg acc gtg cag cag agt ggc cag ttt 3265 Lys Glu Gly Ile Lys Val His Arg Thr Val Gln Gln Ser Gly Gln Phe 995 1000 1005 gtc gtc tgc ttc ccg gga tcc ttt gtg tcc aaa gtg tgc tgt ggg tac 3313 Val Val Cys Phe Pro Gly Ser Phe Val Ser Lys Val Cys Cys Gly Tyr 1010 1015 1020 agc gtg tct gaa acc gtg cac ttt gct acc acc cag tgg aca agt atg 3361 Ser Val Ser Glu Thr Val His Phe Ala Thr Thr Gln Trp Thr Ser Met 1025 1030 1035 ggc ttt gag acc gcc aag gaa atg aag cgt cgc cat ata gct aag cca 3409 Gly Phe Glu Thr Ala Lys Glu Met Lys Arg Arg His Ile Ala Lys Pro 1040 1045 1050 1055 ttc tcc atg gag aag tta ctc tac cag att gca caa gca gaa gca aaa 3457 Phe Ser Met Glu Lys Leu Leu Tyr Gln Ile Ala Gln Ala Glu Ala Lys 1060 1065 1070 aaa gaa aac ggt ccc act ctc agt acc atc tca gcc ctc ctg gat gag 3505 Lys Glu Asn Gly Pro Thr Leu Ser Thr Ile Ser Ala Leu Leu Asp Glu 1075 1080 1085 ctc agg gat aca gag cta cgg cag cgc agg cag ctg ttc gag gct ggc 3553 Leu Arg Asp Thr Glu Leu Arg Gln Arg Arg Gln Leu Phe Glu Ala Gly 1090 1095 1100 ctc cac tcc tcc gca cgc tat ggc agc cac gat ggc agc agc acg gtg 3601 Leu His Ser Ser Ala Arg Tyr Gly Ser His Asp Gly Ser Ser Thr Val 1105 1110 1115 gcg gac ggg aag aaa aag cct cga aag tgg ctg cag ttg gag acg tca 3649 Ala Asp Gly Lys Lys Lys Pro Arg Lys Trp Leu Gln Leu Glu Thr Ser 1120 1125 1130 1135 gag agg agg tgt cag atc tgc cag cac ctg tgc tac ctg tcc atg gtg 3697 Glu Arg Arg Cys Gln Ile Cys Gln His Leu Cys Tyr Leu Ser Met Val 1140 1145 1150 gta caa gag aac gaa aac gtc gtg ttc tgt ctg gag tgt gct ctg cgc 3745 Val Gln Glu Asn Glu Asn Val Val Phe Cys Leu Glu Cys Ala Leu Arg 1155 1160 1165 cac gtg gag aaa cag aag tcc tgc cga ggg ctg aag ttg atg tac cgc 3793 His Val Glu Lys Gln Lys Ser Cys Arg Gly Leu Lys Leu Met Tyr Arg 1170 1175 1180 tac gat gag gaa cag att atc agt ctg gtc aat cag atc tgc ggc aaa 3841 Tyr Asp Glu Glu Gln Ile Ile Ser Leu Val Asn Gln Ile Cys Gly Lys 1185 1190 1195 gtg tct ggt aaa aac ggc agc att gag aac tgt ctc cat aaa ccc aca 3889 Val Ser Gly Lys Asn Gly Ser Ile Glu Asn Cys Leu His Lys Pro Thr 1200 1205 1210 1215 cca aaa aga ggt ccc cgc aag aga gcg aca gtg gac gtg ccc ccc tcc 3937 Pro Lys Arg Gly Pro Arg Lys Arg Ala Thr Val Asp Val Pro Pro Ser 1220 1225 1230 cgt gct gtc agc ctc cag ttc atc caa aag tgc ttc gag cta cat cat 3985 Arg Ala Val Ser Leu Gln Phe Ile Gln Lys Cys Phe Glu Leu His His 1235 1240 1245 gaa gat gcc caa cgc ccg tgg tcg att tat ata tat ttt ttt gta att 4033 Glu Asp Ala Gln Arg Pro Trp Ser Ile Tyr Ile Tyr Phe Phe Val Ile 1250 1255 1260 att ata ttc tag tttggagtac ttgctgtagg atc 4068 Ile Ile Phe 1265 5 20 DNA Artificial Sequence PCR Primer 5 cggctcagga cttacggaaa 20 6 21 DNA Artificial Sequence PCR Primer 6 ggttacacct gcacccagag a 21 7 34 DNA Artificial Sequence PCR Probe 7 aggtttctaa ggtaaacgga gtcactcgaa tgtc 34 8 19 DNA Artificial Sequence PCR Primer 8 gaaggtgaag gtcggagtc 19 9 20 DNA Artificial Sequence PCR Primer 9 gaagatggtg atgggatttc 20 10 20 DNA Artificial Sequence PCR Probe 10 caagcttccc gttctcagcc 20 11 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 11 tccttgctca ttctgagatc 20 12 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 12 gtactccaaa ctagaatata 20 13 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 13 cttccagtct cctcttggag 20 14 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 14 ctcctcatcc tgagagcttc 20 15 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 15 gagtaacttc tccatggaga 20 16 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 16 cgtaccaccc gttcttctga 20 17 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 17 ctttgtgctt gcagcctggg 20 18 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 18 ctcttccact agcctccagt 20 19 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 19 atctttttgg cactggttac 20 20 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 20 caatgtatgg aaggtgattt 20 21 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 21 tccactgccg tgagtgttgg 20 22 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 22 gatgcgcagc atgtctgata 20 23 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 23 tgggtggcag caagcccctt 20 24 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 24 cagggtgtgg accacatctt 20 25 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 25 aggacacttg ggatgcatcg 20 26 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 26 aactgggctt gtggtgattg 20 27 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 27 tcgacttcct cctcatcctg 20 28 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 28 tgctagtgga ggacacttgg 20 29 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 29 agacgacaaa ctggccactc 20 30 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 30 gagagcttcc aaaatacacc 20 31 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 31 ggtactgaga gtgggaccgt 20 32 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 32 gtgtacttca cagttttgga 20 33 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 33 ttgaccagtt ctctcttggc 20 34 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 34 catttccttg gcggtctcaa 20 35 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 35 tggcttagct atatggcgac 20 36 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 36 ccaatattta gccagggaat 20 37 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 37 ccgtagctct gtatccctga 20 38 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 38 ttggagttcc gcagcccctc 20 39 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 39 tccgtttacc ttagaaacct 20 40 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 40 gcccacctcc ttgagcttgc 20 41 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 41 ctgatgctgg tcctaatccc 20 42 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 42 tgagagcttc caaaatacac 20 43 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 43 ttccctgaga ttgtgtggtt 20 44 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 44 gcggatcgtg gaactccttg 20 45 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 45 gtcagcccgg tgatcgctgt 20 46 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 46 gatgaagcat tgttggtggc 20 47 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 47 atgcgcagca tgtctgatag 20 48 20 DNA H. sapiens 48 gatctcagaa tgagcaagga 20 49 20 DNA H. sapiens 49 tatattctag tttggagtac 20 50 20 DNA H. sapiens 50 ctccaagagg agactggaag 20 51 20 DNA H. sapiens 51 gaagctctca ggatgaggag 20 52 20 DNA H. sapiens 52 tctccatgga gaagttactc 20 53 20 DNA H. sapiens 53 tcagaagaac gggtggtacg 20 54 20 DNA H. sapiens 54 cccaggctgc aagcacaaag 20 55 20 DNA H. sapiens 55 gtaaccagtg ccaaaaagat 20 56 20 DNA H. sapiens 56 aaatcacctt ccatacattg 20 57 20 DNA H. sapiens 57 ccaacactca cggcagtgga 20 58 20 DNA H. sapiens 58 cgatgcatcc caagtgtcct 20 59 20 DNA H. sapiens 59 caatcaccac aagcccagtt 20 60 20 DNA H. sapiens 60 caggatgagg aggaagtcga 20 61 20 DNA H. sapiens 61 ccaagtgtcc tccactagca 20 62 20 DNA H. sapiens 62 gagtggccag tttgtcgtct 20 63 20 DNA H. sapiens 63 acggtcccac tctcagtacc 20 64 20 DNA H. sapiens 64 gccaagagag aactggtcaa 20 65 20 DNA H. sapiens 65 gtcgccatat agctaagcca 20 66 20 DNA H. sapiens 66 tcagggatac agagctacgg 20 67 20 DNA H. sapiens 67 aggtttctaa ggtaaacgga 20 68 20 DNA H. sapiens 68 gcaagctcaa ggaggtgggc 20 69 20 DNA H. sapiens 69 gggattagga ccagcatcag 20 70 20 DNA H. sapiens 70 gtgtattttg gaagctctca 20 71 20 DNA H. sapiens 71 aaccacacaa tctcagggaa 20 72 20 DNA H. sapiens 72 acagcgatca ccgggctgac 20 

What is claimed is:
 1. A compound 8 to 80 nucleobases in length targeted to a nucleic acid molecule encoding jumonji, wherein said compound specifically hybridizes with said nucleic acid molecule encoding jumonji (SEQ ID NO: 4) and inhibits the expression of jumonji.
 2. The compound of claim 1 comprising 12 to 50 nucleobases in length.
 3. The compound of claim 2 comprising 15 to 30 nucleobases in length.
 4. The compound of claim 1 comprising an oligonucleotide.
 5. The compound of claim 4 comprising an antisense oligonucleotide.
 6. The compound of claim 4 comprising a DNA oligonucleotide.
 7. The compound of claim 4 comprising an RNA oligonucleotide.
 8. The compound of claim 4 comprising a chimeric oligonucleotide.
 9. The compound of claim 4 wherein at least a portion of said compound hybridizes with RNA to form an oligonucleotide-RNA duplex.
 10. The compound of claim 1 having at least 70% complementarity with a nucleic acid molecule encoding jumonji (SEQ ID NO: 4) said compound specifically hybridizing to and inhibiting the expression of jumonji.
 11. The compound of claim 1 having at least 80% complementarity with a nucleic acid molecule encoding jumonji (SEQ ID NO: 4) said compound specifically hybridizing to and inhibiting the expression of jumonji.
 12. The compound of claim 1 having at least 90% complementarity with a nucleic acid molecule encoding jumonji (SEQ ID NO: 4) said compound specifically hybridizing to and inhibiting the expression of jumonji.
 13. The compound of claim 1 having at least 95% complementarity with a nucleic acid molecule encoding jumonji (SEQ ID NO: 4) said compound specifically hybridizing to and inhibiting the expression of jumonji.
 14. The compound of claim 1 having at least one modified internucleoside linkage, sugar moiety, or nucleobase.
 15. The compound of claim 1 having at least one 2′-O-methoxyethyl sugar moiety.
 16. The compound of claim 1 having at least one phosphorothioate internucleoside linkage.
 17. The compound of claim 1 having at least one 5-methylcytosine.
 18. A method of inhibiting the expression of jumonji in cells or tissues comprising contacting said cells or tissues with the compound of claim 1 so that expression of jumonji is inhibited.
 19. A method of screening for a modulator of jumonji, the method comprising the steps of: a. contacting a preferred target segment of a nucleic acid molecule encoding jumonji with one or more candidate modulators of jumonji, and b. identifying one or more modulators of jumonji expression which modulate the expression of jumonji.
 20. The method of claim 21 wherein the modulator of jumonji expression comprises an oligonucleotide, an antisense oligonucleotide, a DNA oligonucleotide, an RNA oligonucleotide, an RNA oligonucleotide having at least a portion of said RNA oligonucleotide capable of hybridizing with RNA to form an oligonucleotide-RNA duplex, or a chimeric oligonucleotide.
 21. A diagnostic method for identifying a disease state comprising identifying the presence of jumonji in a sample using at least one of the primers comprising SEQ ID NOs 5 or 6, or the probe comprising SEQ ID NO:
 7. 22. A kit or assay device comprising the compound of claim
 1. 23. A method of treating an animal having a disease or condition associated with jumonji comprising administering to said animal a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of the compound of claim 1 so that expression of jumonji is inhibited.
 24. The method of claim 23 wherein the disease or condition is the result of aberrant cellular differentiation. 